Vitis vinifera : Différence entre versions
(34 révisions intermédiaires par 2 utilisateurs non affichées) | |||
Ligne 1 : | Ligne 1 : | ||
{{Page espèce (plante à graines) | {{Page espèce (plante à graines) | ||
− | |image = | + | |image = Cépage Cabernet franc.jpg |
− | |légende = | + | |légende = Cépage Cabernet franc |
− | |auteur = | + | |auteur = L. |
|ordre = Vitales | |ordre = Vitales | ||
|famille = Vitaceae | |famille = Vitaceae | ||
|genre = Vitis | |genre = Vitis | ||
− | |nb chromosomes = 2n = | + | |nb chromosomes = 2n = 28 |
|origine = aire d'origine | |origine = aire d'origine | ||
|statut = sauvage et cultivé | |statut = sauvage et cultivé | ||
Ligne 22 : | Ligne 22 : | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
<gallery mode="packed"> | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
+ | File:20140407Wein Hockenheim5.jpg|bourgeon | ||
+ | File:Young grapevine leaves, tendrils and flowers 1.jpg|jeunes pousses avec vrilles | ||
+ | File:Weisser Burgunder BlattDSC 4670.JPG|feuille à lobes peu profonds (Weisser Burgunder) | ||
+ | File:Syrah leaf.JPG|feuille à lobes profonds (Syrah) | ||
+ | File:Vitis-vinifera-flowers1.jpg|fleurs | ||
+ | File:Vine growing Rhône Valley - Châteauneuf-du-Pape.jpg|conduite en gobelet | ||
+ | File:Vigne blanche de Diplotaxis erucoides 1.jpg|Vigne blanche à ''[[Diplotaxis erucoides]]'' : travail du sol en hiver | ||
+ | File:Vigne jaune de Crepis sancta.jpg|Vigne jaune à ''[[Crepis sancta]]'' : pas de travail du sol en hiver | ||
+ | File:Castelnau-de-Guers (7).jpg|enherbement d'un rang sur deux | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Ligne 27 : | Ligne 36 : | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | ||
| français | | français | ||
− | | vigne | + | | vigne / raisin |
|- | |- | ||
| anglais | | anglais | ||
− | | grapevine | + | | grapevine / grape |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | allemand | ||
+ | | Weinrebe, Weinstock / Traube, Weintraube | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | néerlandais | ||
+ | | wijnstok / druif (pl. druiven) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | italien | ||
+ | | vite / uva | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | espagnol | ||
+ | | vid, parra / uva | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | catalan | ||
+ | | vinya ; cep (forma basse), parra (forma haute) / raïm | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | portugais | ||
+ | | vide, vinha / uva | ||
|- | |- | ||
| roumain | | roumain | ||
Ligne 56 : | Ligne 83 : | ||
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
+ | ''Vitis vinifera'' L. (1753) | ||
== Cultivars == | == Cultivars == | ||
− | <gallery mode="packed" caption="Gallesio, 1817-1839, Pomona Italiana"> | + | <gallery mode="packed" caption="Gallesio, 1817-1839, ''Pomona Italiana''"> |
− | File:Illustration from Pomona Italiana Giorgio Gallesio by rawpixel00046.jpg| | + | File:Illustration from Pomona Italiana Giorgio Gallesio by rawpixel00046.jpg|Albarola Genovese |
− | File: | + | File:Uva Aleatico - Giorgio Gallesio.jpg|Aleatico |
− | File:Illustration from Pomona Italiana Giorgio Gallesio by | + | File:Illustration from Pomona Italiana Giorgio Gallesio by rawpixel00047.jpg|Barbarossa |
− | File:Uva | + | File:Uva Barbera - Giorgio Gallesio.jpg|Barbera |
− | File: | + | File:Illustration from Pomona Italiana Giorgio Gallesio by rawpixel00048.jpg|Berzemina |
− | File:Uva Canaiola - Giorgio Gallesio.jpg| | + | File:Uva Canaiola - Giorgio Gallesio.jpg|Canaiola |
− | File:Uva Vermentino - Giorgio Gallesio.jpg| | + | File:Uva Vermentino - Giorgio Gallesio.jpg|Vermentino |
+ | </gallery> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <gallery mode="packed" caption="Claire Felloni"> | ||
+ | File:Cépage Aligoté.jpg|Aligoté | ||
+ | File:Cépage Cabernet franc.jpg|Cabernet franc | ||
+ | File:Cépage Cabernet Sauvignon.jpg|Cabernet Sauvignon | ||
+ | File:Carignan (cépage).jpg|Carignan | ||
+ | File:Chenin (cépage).jpg|Chenin | ||
+ | File:Cinsault (cépage).jpg|Cinsault | ||
+ | File:Clairette (cépage).jpg|Clairette | ||
+ | File:Colombard.jpg|Colombard | ||
+ | File:Cépage Gamay.jpg|Gamay | ||
+ | File:Gewurtztraminer.jpg|Gewurtztraminer | ||
+ | File:Grenache.jpg|Grenache | ||
+ | File:Cépage Marsanne.jpg|Marsanne | ||
+ | File:Cépage Mauzac.jpg|Mauzac | ||
+ | File:Melon (cépage).jpg|Melon | ||
+ | File:Merlot.jpg|Merlot | ||
+ | File:Cépage Mourvèdre.jpg|Mourvèdre | ||
+ | File:Cepage Muscat d'Alexandrie.jpg|Muscat d'Alexandrie | ||
+ | File:Muscat de Frontignan (cépage).jpg|Muscat de Frontignan | ||
+ | File:Cépage Négrette.jpg|Négrette | ||
+ | File:Cépage Petit Manseng.jpg|Petit Manseng | ||
+ | File:Pinot gris.jpg|Pinot gris | ||
+ | File:Cépage Pinot Noir.jpg|Pinot Noir | ||
+ | File:Poulsard (cépage).jpg|Poulsard | ||
+ | File:Riesling.jpg|Riesling | ||
+ | File:Roussanne (cépage).jpg|Roussanne | ||
+ | File:Cépage Sauvignon.jpg|Sauvignon | ||
+ | File:Sémillon.jpg|Sémillon | ||
+ | File:Sylvaner.jpg|Sylvaner | ||
+ | File:Syrah (cépage).jpg|Syrah | ||
+ | File:Cépage Trousseau.jpg|Trousseau | ||
+ | File:Cépage Ugni blanc.jpg|Ugni blanc | ||
+ | File:Viognier (cépage).jpg|Viognier | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== Histoire == | == Histoire == | ||
<gallery mode="packed"> | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
+ | File:Vitis vinifera Sturm07024.jpg|Sturm, 1796. ''Deutschlands Flora'', 24 | ||
+ | File:Vitis vinifera - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-145.jpg|Köhler, 1897. ''Medizinal-Pflanzen'' | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== Usages == | == Usages == | ||
*Voir les [[Vigne (Cazin 1868)|''Plantes médicinales'' de Cazin (1868)]] | *Voir les [[Vigne (Cazin 1868)|''Plantes médicinales'' de Cazin (1868)]] | ||
− | {| | + | {{Citation encadré |
− | + | |texte=PARIS et MOYSE (1967) notent que : | |
* Le jus de raisin est employé en diététique dans les ''affections cardio-rénales'', l’''obésité'' et la ''constipation'', | * Le jus de raisin est employé en diététique dans les ''affections cardio-rénales'', l’''obésité'' et la ''constipation'', | ||
* Les pépins fournissent une ''huile'', | * Les pépins fournissent une ''huile'', | ||
Ligne 81 : | Ligne 146 : | ||
Au Maroc (M. BELGHAZI, Ingénieur Forestier, ''comm. verb.'', 1979), on utilise les fruits (« grains ») non mûrs du raisin sauvage pour le ''mordançage des laines'' en cas d'emploi de la teinture rouge synthétique. | Au Maroc (M. BELGHAZI, Ingénieur Forestier, ''comm. verb.'', 1979), on utilise les fruits (« grains ») non mûrs du raisin sauvage pour le ''mordançage des laines'' en cas d'emploi de la teinture rouge synthétique. | ||
− | + | |auteur =[[Vitacées (Le Floc'h, 1983)#Vitis vinifera|Le Floc'h, 1983, ''Ethnobotanique tunisienne'', 152]]. | |
− | |} | + | }} |
+ | |||
+ | {{Citation encadré | ||
+ | |texte=subsp. ''vinifera''. The cultivated grape. Cultivated in many cultivars between 30° and 50° N and 30° and 40° S. In Germany viticulture reaches its northern border at 51° 30' N. - The grapevine needs an annual average temperature of 10-12°C, 180-200 days of growing season and at least 1.330 hours of sunshine in the year. In the flowering period the daily temperature must be more than 15°C. During fruit ripening an average monthly temperature of 18,7°-23,7°C is necessary. Grapevine is cultivated in all appropriate areas of the world. Important producers are in Europe: Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Bulgaria, Germany, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Albania; the former Soviet Union; in Asia: Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Syria, Cyprus, China, Israel; in the Americas: Argentina, USA, Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and in Africa: Algeria, South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, also Australia and New Zealand. The berries are eaten fresh as table grape or dried as raisins, sultanas (seedless large berries), currant (small, seedless), Damask raisins (dried on the plant), stewed or variously processed (e.g. juice). Most of the grapes is made to wine (white, red, rosé or sweet wine) or champagne. Through distillation of wine spirits, brandy and other hard drinks are obtained. The seeds yield the grape kernel oil. The residues of wine production (pomace) is used as fodder, manure or to make tartaric acid. Especially in Italy the pomace is used for making grappa. In the Orient cooked berries are used to make grape honey and grape cakes. Several thousands of cultivars are grown in viticulture. Many of them are hybrids. The species listed in the following table (after Mullins ''et al.'' 1992) have been used as cross-partner mainly for resistance breeding of ''V. vinifera''. The history of cultivation of grapevine is not yet fully understood. It is reported that the beginning of viticulture is in the Neolithicum (6.000-5.000 BC) along the eastern coast of the Black Sea in the Transcaucus. Archaeological finds of grape seeds show that ''V. vinifera'', probably subsp. ''sylvestris'' had been present throughout much of Europe during Atlantic and Sub-Boreal periods (7.500-2.500 years ago). During the 4th mill. BC viticulture and wine making reached Asia Minor and somewhat later the Nile delta. Here the technology of viticulture and wine production was well developed at 1.400 BC. It is supposed that viticulture was brought to China from Asia Minor in the time of the Han dynasty (2nd cent. BC). To Greece and Balkan Peninsula viti-culture came between 2.200 and 1.400 BC. In the first mill. BC Phoenicians and Greek introduced viticulture to N Africa, S Italy, France and Spain. The Romans introduced it into Germany to the valley of the Rhine and 300 AD viticulture and wine-making is spread all over Europe. Viticulture started in the USA in 1850 (for ''V.'' × ''alexanderi'' see ''V.'' ''labrusca''). | ||
+ | <br>subsp. ''sylvestris''. Ancestor of the cultivated grape. In Middle Asia it is mostly impossible to distinguish truly wild and feral forms. | ||
+ | <br>Wild distribution: S and Central Europe, NW Africa, Turkey, CIS (Moldova, S Ukraine, Caucasus and Transcaucasus), Iran, Afghanistan, Middle Asia, Kashmir. | ||
+ | |auteur =Mansfeld. | ||
+ | }} | ||
En Turquie et dans les Balkans, les feuilles servent à envelopper des boulettes de viande, de riz ou de boulgour, appelées [[Sarma|'''sarma''']]. (Dogan ''et al.'', 2015, 2017). C'est l'espèce la plus connue, dont les rouleaux sont vendus sous le nom de '''feuilles de vigne farcies''' ou '''dolma''' (pluriel grec '''dolmades'''). | En Turquie et dans les Balkans, les feuilles servent à envelopper des boulettes de viande, de riz ou de boulgour, appelées [[Sarma|'''sarma''']]. (Dogan ''et al.'', 2015, 2017). C'est l'espèce la plus connue, dont les rouleaux sont vendus sous le nom de '''feuilles de vigne farcies''' ou '''dolma''' (pluriel grec '''dolmades'''). | ||
== Références == | == Références == | ||
+ | *André, Max ; Boursiquot Jean-Michel & Lacombe, Thierry, 2020. ''Espèces sauvages et hybrides interspécifiques du genre ''Vitis''. Guide illustré de détermination des principaux représentants postculturaux en France''. Conservatoire botanique national de Franche-Comté, 156 pages. 59 taxons et cultivars de ''Vitis'', plus de 450 illustrations. [http://cbnfc-ori.org/espace-documentation/guide-vitis-France présentation] | ||
+ | *Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 772) | ||
+ | *Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. ''Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages.'' Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. Voir sur Pl@ntUse : [[R (Recueil de Dambourney)#RAISINS NOIRS|RAISINS NOIRS]] et [[V (Recueil de Dambourney)#VIGNE|VIGNE]] | ||
*Dogan, Yunus ''et al.'', 2015. Of the importance of a leaf: The ethnobotany of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. ''J. Ethnobiol. & Ethnomed.'', 11-26. [https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0002-x doi : 10.1186/s13002-015-0002-x] | *Dogan, Yunus ''et al.'', 2015. Of the importance of a leaf: The ethnobotany of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. ''J. Ethnobiol. & Ethnomed.'', 11-26. [https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0002-x doi : 10.1186/s13002-015-0002-x] | ||
*Dogan, Yunus ; Nedelcheva, Anely & Pieroni, Andrea, 2017. The diversity of plants used for the traditional dish sarma in Turkey: nature, garden and traditional cuisine in the modern era. ''Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture'', '''29''' (6) : 429-440. [https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2016-09-1238 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2016-09-1238]. | *Dogan, Yunus ; Nedelcheva, Anely & Pieroni, Andrea, 2017. The diversity of plants used for the traditional dish sarma in Turkey: nature, garden and traditional cuisine in the modern era. ''Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture'', '''29''' (6) : 429-440. [https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2016-09-1238 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2016-09-1238]. | ||
+ | *Galet, Pierre, 1956-1964. ''Cépages et vignobles de France'', 4 vol. 3500 p. | ||
+ | *Galet, Pierre, 2015. ''Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages et de leurs synonymes''. Paris, Libre & Solidaire. 1199 p. | ||
+ | *Yang Dong ''et al.'', 2023. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution. Science, 379 (6635) : 892-901. [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add8655 doi : 10.1126/science.add8655]. | ||
== Liens == | == Liens == | ||
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Vitis%20vinifera&SearchCat= BHL] | *[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Vitis%20vinifera&SearchCat= BHL] | ||
− | *[http:// | + | *[http://www.eu-vitis.de/index.php The European Vitis Database (ECP/GR) |
− | *[ | + | *[https://www.feedipedia.org/content/feeds?species=13550 Feedipedia] |
*[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/v/vine--09.html Grieve's herbal] | *[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/v/vine--09.html Grieve's herbal] | ||
− | *[ | + | *[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=41905 GRIN] |
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Vitis%20vinifera&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI] | *[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Vitis%20vinifera&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI] | ||
− | *[ | + | *[https://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:46:7629099735083::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Vitis%20vinifera,3182 Mansfeld] |
*[http://www.lameca.org/dossiers/tabac_au_riz/muscade.htm Médiathèque Caraïbe (Laméca)] | *[http://www.lameca.org/dossiers/tabac_au_riz/muscade.htm Médiathèque Caraïbe (Laméca)] | ||
− | *[http:// | + | *[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Vitis+vinifera Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany] |
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Vitis.html Multilingual Plant Name Database] | *[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Vitis.html Multilingual Plant Name Database] | ||
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Vitis_vinifera_nex.html NewCrop Purdue] | *[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Vitis_vinifera_nex.html NewCrop Purdue] | ||
Ligne 105 : | Ligne 183 : | ||
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Vitis+vinifera Plant List] | *[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Vitis+vinifera Plant List] | ||
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis%20vinifera Plants for a future] | *[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis%20vinifera Plants for a future] | ||
+ | *[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30478388-2 Plants of the World Online] | ||
*[[:en:Vitis vinifera (PROSEA)|PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]] | *[[:en:Vitis vinifera (PROSEA)|PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]] | ||
*[[Vitis vinifera (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]] | *[[Vitis vinifera (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]] | ||
*[http://www.sierradebaza.org/principal_12-10/notic1_12-10.htm Sierra de Baza (Espagne)] | *[http://www.sierradebaza.org/principal_12-10/notic1_12-10.htm Sierra de Baza (Espagne)] | ||
− | *[ | + | *[https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/129968/tab/taxo TAXREF] |
+ | *[https://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-72795 Tela Botanica] | ||
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis%20vinifera Wikipédia] | *[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis%20vinifera Wikipédia] | ||
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Vitis%20vinifera Wikiphyto] | *[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Vitis%20vinifera Wikiphyto] | ||
+ | *[http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000421791 World Flora Online] | ||
+ | |||
[[Catégorie:Vitis]] | [[Catégorie:Vitis]] |
Version actuelle en date du 14 mai 2023 à 16:22
Vitis vinifera L.
Ordre | Vitales |
---|---|
Famille | Vitaceae |
Genre | Vitis |
2n = 28
Origine : aire d'origine
sauvage et cultivé
Français | vigne |
---|---|
Anglais | grapevine |
- fruits (raisins) consommés frais, secs ou en jus, en gelée
- nombreux produits des raisins : verjus, vin, vinaigre, alcools distillés
- feuilles fraîches ou fermentées utilisées pour emballer des aliments
- alcool utilisé médicinalement
- sarments comme bois de feu
Sommaire
Description
- 20140407Wein Hockenheim5.jpg
bourgeon
- Young grapevine leaves, tendrils and flowers 1.jpg
jeunes pousses avec vrilles
- Weisser Burgunder BlattDSC 4670.JPG
feuille à lobes peu profonds (Weisser Burgunder)
- Syrah leaf.JPG
feuille à lobes profonds (Syrah)
- Vitis-vinifera-flowers1.jpg
fleurs
- Vine growing Rhône Valley - Châteauneuf-du-Pape.jpg
conduite en gobelet
Vigne blanche à Diplotaxis erucoides : travail du sol en hiver
Vigne jaune à Crepis sancta : pas de travail du sol en hiver
- Castelnau-de-Guers (7).jpg
enherbement d'un rang sur deux
Noms populaires
français | vigne / raisin |
anglais | grapevine / grape |
allemand | Weinrebe, Weinstock / Traube, Weintraube |
néerlandais | wijnstok / druif (pl. druiven) |
italien | vite / uva |
espagnol | vid, parra / uva |
catalan | vinya ; cep (forma basse), parra (forma haute) / raïm |
portugais | vide, vinha / uva |
roumain | viţă de vie |
serbo-croate | loza, лоза (Bosnie-Herzégovine, Serbie, Croatie) |
macédonien | лоза - loza |
bulgare | лоза - loza |
albanais | rrushi (Kosovo, Albanie) |
hongrois | szőlő (Roumanie) |
turc | asma, tiri, jur ; çivek, deli asma, deli üzüm, kuşüzümü (subsp. sylvestris) |
- Voir les noms de la Flore populaire d'Eugène Rolland
Classification
Vitis vinifera L. (1753)
Cultivars
Histoire
- Vitis vinifera Sturm07024.jpg
Sturm, 1796. Deutschlands Flora, 24
- Vitis vinifera - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-145.jpg
Köhler, 1897. Medizinal-Pflanzen
Usages
- Voir les Plantes médicinales de Cazin (1868)
PARIS et MOYSE (1967) notent que :
- Le jus de raisin est employé en diététique dans les affections cardio-rénales, l’obésité et la constipation,
- Les pépins fournissent une huile,
- Les feuilles des variétés rouges sont employées, seules ou en mélange, dans le traitement des affections veineuses et des troubles de la ménopause.
Au Maroc (M. BELGHAZI, Ingénieur Forestier, comm. verb., 1979), on utilise les fruits (« grains ») non mûrs du raisin sauvage pour le mordançage des laines en cas d'emploi de la teinture rouge synthétique.
subsp. vinifera. The cultivated grape. Cultivated in many cultivars between 30° and 50° N and 30° and 40° S. In Germany viticulture reaches its northern border at 51° 30' N. - The grapevine needs an annual average temperature of 10-12°C, 180-200 days of growing season and at least 1.330 hours of sunshine in the year. In the flowering period the daily temperature must be more than 15°C. During fruit ripening an average monthly temperature of 18,7°-23,7°C is necessary. Grapevine is cultivated in all appropriate areas of the world. Important producers are in Europe: Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Bulgaria, Germany, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Albania; the former Soviet Union; in Asia: Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Syria, Cyprus, China, Israel; in the Americas: Argentina, USA, Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and in Africa: Algeria, South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, also Australia and New Zealand. The berries are eaten fresh as table grape or dried as raisins, sultanas (seedless large berries), currant (small, seedless), Damask raisins (dried on the plant), stewed or variously processed (e.g. juice). Most of the grapes is made to wine (white, red, rosé or sweet wine) or champagne. Through distillation of wine spirits, brandy and other hard drinks are obtained. The seeds yield the grape kernel oil. The residues of wine production (pomace) is used as fodder, manure or to make tartaric acid. Especially in Italy the pomace is used for making grappa. In the Orient cooked berries are used to make grape honey and grape cakes. Several thousands of cultivars are grown in viticulture. Many of them are hybrids. The species listed in the following table (after Mullins et al. 1992) have been used as cross-partner mainly for resistance breeding of V. vinifera. The history of cultivation of grapevine is not yet fully understood. It is reported that the beginning of viticulture is in the Neolithicum (6.000-5.000 BC) along the eastern coast of the Black Sea in the Transcaucus. Archaeological finds of grape seeds show that V. vinifera, probably subsp. sylvestris had been present throughout much of Europe during Atlantic and Sub-Boreal periods (7.500-2.500 years ago). During the 4th mill. BC viticulture and wine making reached Asia Minor and somewhat later the Nile delta. Here the technology of viticulture and wine production was well developed at 1.400 BC. It is supposed that viticulture was brought to China from Asia Minor in the time of the Han dynasty (2nd cent. BC). To Greece and Balkan Peninsula viti-culture came between 2.200 and 1.400 BC. In the first mill. BC Phoenicians and Greek introduced viticulture to N Africa, S Italy, France and Spain. The Romans introduced it into Germany to the valley of the Rhine and 300 AD viticulture and wine-making is spread all over Europe. Viticulture started in the USA in 1850 (for V. × alexanderi see V. labrusca).
subsp. sylvestris. Ancestor of the cultivated grape. In Middle Asia it is mostly impossible to distinguish truly wild and feral forms.
Wild distribution: S and Central Europe, NW Africa, Turkey, CIS (Moldova, S Ukraine, Caucasus and Transcaucasus), Iran, Afghanistan, Middle Asia, Kashmir.
En Turquie et dans les Balkans, les feuilles servent à envelopper des boulettes de viande, de riz ou de boulgour, appelées sarma. (Dogan et al., 2015, 2017). C'est l'espèce la plus connue, dont les rouleaux sont vendus sous le nom de feuilles de vigne farcies ou dolma (pluriel grec dolmades).
Références
- André, Max ; Boursiquot Jean-Michel & Lacombe, Thierry, 2020. Espèces sauvages et hybrides interspécifiques du genre Vitis. Guide illustré de détermination des principaux représentants postculturaux en France. Conservatoire botanique national de Franche-Comté, 156 pages. 59 taxons et cultivars de Vitis, plus de 450 illustrations. présentation
- Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 772)
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Liens
- BHL
- [http://www.eu-vitis.de/index.php The European Vitis Database (ECP/GR)
- Feedipedia
- Grieve's herbal
- GRIN
- IPNI
- Mansfeld
- Médiathèque Caraïbe (Laméca)
- Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
- Multilingual Plant Name Database
- NewCrop Purdue
- Pl@ntGrape, catalogue des vignes cultivées en France
- Plant List
- Plants for a future
- Plants of the World Online
- PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse
- PROTA sur Pl@ntUse
- Sierra de Baza (Espagne)
- TAXREF
- Tela Botanica
- Wikipédia
- Wikiphyto
- World Flora Online