Elaeis guineensis
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
| Ordre | Arecales |
|---|---|
| Famille | Arecaceae |
| Genre | Elaeis |
2n = 32
Origine : Golfe de Guinée (Afrique)
sauvage ou cultivé
| Français | palmier à huile |
|---|---|
| Anglais | oil palm |
- le fruit donne l'huile de palme
- la graine donne l'huile de palmiste
- graibes consommées crues, bouillies ou grillées
- l'huile de palmiste est un substitut du beurre de cacao
- ornemental
- tourteau des fruits : carburant
- tourteau des graines : fourrage
- sève : vin de palme
Sommaire
Description
plantation en Malaisie
arbre en fruits
arbre en fruits
Noms populaires
| français | palmier à huile, palmier de Guinée |
| anglais | oil palm |
| allemand | Ölpalme |
| néerlandais | oliepalm |
| italien | palma da olio |
| espagnol | palmera de aceite |
| portugais | dendezeiro, dendê, palmeira do azeite |
Classification
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (1763)
synonymes :
- Elaeis melanococca Gaertn. (1788) non auct. plur.
- Elaeis madagascariensis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Becc. (1914)
Cultivars
Histoire
Köhler, 1897. Medizinal-Pflanzen
Usages
- graisse des graines autorisée dans l'Union européenne comme substitut du beurre de cacao (Directive 2000/36/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 23 juin 2000).
In Africa since early times natural populations of this palm have been harvested; also at present wild and half-wild stands in different stages of semi-cultivation are utilized (very extensive stands are found in E Nigeria, Ivory Coast and the Congo basin up to Angola). In Africa the area of cultivation of this species exceeds the area of natural distribution considerably. In connection with the slave trade the African oil palm probably reached South America. In the 19th cent. introduced to SE Asia. Since the beginning of the 20th cent. it is cultivated in Sumatera and now widely planted in SE Asia. At the present time this palm is introduced into all tropical countries. The most important producers and exporters are Malaysia, Nigeria, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Zaire. Colombia has the largest area of cultivation in Latin America, where the cultivation of this species occurs on a small scale(also cultivated e.g. in Ecuador, Peru, Cuba). According to the different structure of the fruits several races are distinguished in this species (dura-, tenera-, pisifera-type and others). From the oleaginous mesocarp of the fruits (containing about 60% oil) the palm oil is obtained, the palm kernel oil is extracted from the seeds (endosperm) of the hard palm kernels (containing about 50% oil). Both types of oil serve the production of margarine, cooking fat, candels and soap. Additionally the palm oil is used in the tin plate industry, as lubricant and fuel oil. The mesocarp remains of the palm oil production are utilized as fuel. The palm kernel oil is utilized as hair oil, skin oil and as furniture polish. The remains of kernel oil extraction are used as fodder. The kernels are also eaten raw, cooked or roasted. The hard endocarp serves as fuel for oil-mills or as material for way constructions in plantations. The sugary sap, obtained by tapping from the inflorescence and by cutting down the trunks, is made into palm wine by fermentation. The ash of the infructescence axes is used as manure. From cross-breeding with Elaeis oleifera (H.B.K.) Cortés hybrids of lower stems and improved oil quality had been achieved.
Références
- Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 530)
- Guille-Escuret, Georges & Hladik, Claude Marcel, 1989. Les produits du palmier à huile. In: Hladik C.M., Bahuchet S. & Garine I. de. Se nourrir en forêt équatoriale : Anthropologie alimentaire des populations des régions forestières humides d'Afrique. Paris, Unesco, pp. 55-57. téléchargeable sur HAL.
- Rival, Alain & Levang, Patrice, 2013. La palme des controverses. Palmier à huile et enjeux de développement. Versailles, Quae. 100 p.
- Rollet, Bernard et coll., 2010. Arbres des Petites Antilles. Tome 1 : Introduction à la dendrologie. 276 p. Tome 2 : Description des espèces. 866 p. + 46 pl. coul. + CD de photos sur l'anatomie du bois. Basse-Terre, ONF. sur Pl@ntUse.
