Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
| Ordre | Sapindales |
|---|---|
| Famille | Meliaceae |
| Genre | Azadirachta |
2n = 28
Origine : Birmanie
sauvage ou cultivé
| Français | nim |
|---|---|
| Anglais | neem |
- insecticide
- médicinal
- arbre d'ombrage
- lutte contre l'érosion et amélioration des sols
- brise-vent
- bois d'œuvre
- bois de feu
- huile des graines transformées en savon
- jeunes pousses mangées comme légume
- brindilles : cure-dents
- feuilles et tourteau comme fourrage
Sommaire
Description
port
écorce
feuilles
feuille
feuilles et fleurs
inflorescences
fleurs
feuilles et fruits
fleurs
fruits
fruits
"graines"
graines
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Noms populaires
| français | nim, margosier, margousier, lilas blanc |
| anglais | neem, Indian lilac, margosa tree |
| espagnol | paraíso (Cuba) (Rollet) |
| bengali | nim (Wealth of India) |
| gujerati | limbado (Wealth of India) |
| hindi | nim, nimb (Wealth of India) |
| kannada | bevinamara (Wealth of India) |
| malayalam | veppa (Wealth of India) |
| marathi | limba (Wealth of India) |
| oriya | nimba (Wealth of India) |
| sanskrit | arishta, nimba (Wealth of India) |
| tamoul | vembu, veppam (Wealth of India) |
| telugu | veepachettu, yapachettu (Wealth of India) |
| ourdou | nim (Wealth of India) |
| Indonésie | mimba (Java), membha (Madura), intaran (Bali) (PROSEA) |
| Malaysia | baypay, mambu, veppam (Peninsular) (PROSEA) |
| Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée | neem (PROSEA) |
| Philippines | neem (PROSEA) |
| Singapour | kohomba, nimba, veppam (PROSEA) |
| Birmanie | tamarkha, thinboro, tamar (PROSEA) |
| Cambodge | sdau (PROSEA) |
| Laos | kadau (PROSEA) |
| Thaïlande | khwinin (général), sadao (centre), saliam (nord) (PROSEA) |
| Vietnam | sầu dâu (PROSEA) |
Classification
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (1832)
synonyme :
- Melia azadirachta L. (1753)
Cultivars
Histoire
Les premiers Européens à avoir connu le nim l'ont appelé nimbo (Acosta) ou aria bepou (Rheede). Plus tard, il devait être perçu comme une espèce d’azédarach (Melia azedarach). Ainsi pour Breyne (Prodromus), c'est l’Azadirachta Indica, espèce totalement nouvelle ("plane nova") qu'il compare avec l'espèce auparavant décrite et bien connue ("satis nota"), Azadirachta Syriaca (Melia azedarach).
AZADIRACHTA Indica, foliis Fraxini, sive non ramosis majoribus, flore minore albo. Prodr. II. p.47.
Arbor Azadirachta Indica, foliis Fraxini, s. non ramosis, flore minore. Prodr. I. p. 6.
Nimbo Acostae. Aria Bepou, Hort. Malab. P. IV. Tab. 52.
Descriptionem vide in Prodromo primo p. 6 & 7. nostrae editionis. Synonyma cum epicrisi collegit Clariss. Joannes Burmannus in egregio suo Thesauro Zeylanico nuper edito p. 40 & 41. titulo : Azedarach foliis falcato serratis ; Typographus inter Synonyma Azadirachtam Breynii, male transpositis vocalibus, Azadarichtam expressit.
Iconem quoque habet Thesaurus Zeylanicus Tab. 15. Sed fructu carentem, quem nostra figura exhibet. Ceterum in Burmanniana figura, foliorum extrema non ab imparibus pinnis clauduntur, cuius tamen contrarium nostra monstrat. Forstan utroque nascuntur modo ; vel extremæ pinnæ absentia defectum arguit.
Ceterum Parens in Prodr. I. loc. cit. annotavit, eam foliis minoribus amictam, etiam reperiri, quae procul dubio varietas faltem naturae soli vel culturae adscribenda.
Clarissimus Carolus Linnaeus, in Generibus Plant. p. 127. huius Generis Characterem dat & MELIAM vocat ; desumto vocabulo a Dioscoride L. 1. C. 108. & Theophrasto L. 3. C 11. Videatur eiusdem Auctoris Critica Botan. p. 117. Sed Μέλια Dioscoridis & Theophrasti, secundum Interpretes, Fraxinum denotat ; an itaque vocabulum hoc Graecum, quod certo iam Generi proprium, recte alli ab hoc plane diverso adscribitur ?
Arbor AZADIRACHTA Indica, foliis Fraxini, sive non ramosis flore minore. Arboris Azadirachtæ species mihi duæ notæ sunt.
Prima : Azadiracht, Abvali Ibn Tsinæ ; sive Arbor Fraxini folio, Caspari Bauhini ; seu Arbor Azadarachena, Johannis Bauhini ; mihi Arbor Azadirachta Syriaca, foliis ramosis, flore cæruleo, & albo majore. Hæc copiose in Syria nascitur, atque etiam jam satis in hortis Europæis (præsertim floribus cœruleis) nota.
Altera est : Arbor Azadirachta Indica, foliis non ramosis, flore minore ; plane nova est. Hujus frondes seu folia spithami longitudinem obtinentia, costa constant gracili, non ramosa, lobis serratis, utrinque in modum Fraxini vulgaris, sed falcatis & brevioribus, in altero latere angustioribus, in altero vero latioribus alata. Flosculos profert Azadirachta Syriacæ simillimos, ast minores, ex albo cœrulei coloris : succedentibus fructibus, Syriacæ etiam minoribus, luteis, quantum ex resiccatis augurari licuit, ex quibus in India (unde rami aliquot Anno M.DC.LXX. nomine Morgosi mihi transmissi.) Oleum magna virtutis atque summe æstimationis conficitur. Hujus rarissimæ Arboris Azadirachtæ ramum cum floribus, mecum anno superiore Dominus Dumbsdorf etiam nomine Arboris Morgosi medicinalis valde, & postmodum Dominus Petrus de Wolf, Mercator Amstelodami celeberrimus & Rerum Naturalium atq ; Plantarum exoticarum Cultor insignis absque nomine (& forte e plantis ab Excellentissimo Domino Hermanno in Zeilan insula collectis) communicavit.
Usages
Apparently wild and cultivated throughout India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Malaysia, S and SE Asia, Sri Lanka, Java, Indonesia, isl. eastern from Java, Haiti, Suriname. In S Iran, S Arabia, E and W Africa (in 30 countries) naturalized. Also planted in Florida, Nicaragua and Cuba. In this area since long times planted in gardens and along streets. One of the most important trees of India. Holy tree of the Hindus. On the Philippines the stands covers about 40.000 ha, and India possesses about 14 mill. of trees. Typical multipurpose tree: the bitter and astringent bark (neem bark, margosa bark, Cortex Margosae) is used to treat fever and worms; the bitter leaves are antiseptic; the flowers are used as tonic; the bitter seed oil (Neem or Margosa oil) to treat skin diseases, also used as lamp oil and to make soap. The bark yields a gum, used technically and for medicine. The medicinal and pesticidal applications are getting increasing importance: oil cake, seed oil, leaves and other parts of the tree are an effective insecticide (against more than 100 insect species); also used as fungicide (dermatophytes, intestinal fungi), bactericide, virostatic, spermacide (neem oil) and against malaria and especially for Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). It is reported that neem interrupts the life cycle of the flagellate. Widely used in reforestation agroforestry programms in S and SE Asia, W Africa, America (Haiti, USA) In Saudi Arabia (near Mecca) 50.000 neem trees had been planted as shade trees on 10 km2 for 2 mill. of Moslem pilgrims, and at the same time for commercial use. The tree is also planted for shade and shelter, erosion control and soil improvement, and as windbreak. The hard wood of the tree is used as timber. The leaves are used as fodder. The medicinal uses of neem had been described at first in classical Hindu texts, especial in the Ayurveda which had been compiled 500 AD, but originated long before. True native area however doubtful, perhaps from India to Myanmar.
Références
- Bekele-Tesemma, Azene, 2007. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia. Identification, propagation and management for 17 agroclimatic zones. Nairobi, ICRAF - RELMA. 550 p. (Technical Manual 6). Voir l'article
- Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 457)
- Lauridsen, E.B., Kanchanaburagura C. & Boonsermsuk, S.,1992. Le neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) en Thaïlande. Rome, FAO. Informations sur les ressources génétiques forestières, n° 19 en ligne
- Rollet, Bernard et coll., 2010. Arbres des Petites Antilles. Tome 1 : Introduction à la dendrologie. 276 p. Tome 2 : Description des espèces. 866 p. + 46 pl. coul. + CD de photos sur l'anatomie du bois. Basse-Terre, ONF. Voir sur Pl@ntUse.
