Papaver somniferum
Papaver somniferum L.
| Ordre | Ranunculales |
|---|---|
| Famille | Papaveraceae |
| Genre | Papaver |
2n = 22, et 20, 36, 44
Origine : ouest de la Méditerranée
sauvage ou cultivé
| Français | pavot somnifère |
|---|---|
| Anglais | opium poppy |
- médicinal : morphine, codéine, thébaïne, noscapine...
- drogue : opium, héroïne
- graines source d'huile alimentaire : œillette
- graines condiment de patisserie et du pain
- jeunes feuilles mangées en salade
- ornemental : fleurs, capsules en bouquets secs
Sommaire
Description
1, tige en fleurs ; 2, base de la tige ; 3, fruit ; 4, étamine ; 5, graine (PROSEA, Achmad Satiri Nurhaman)
- Mák setý Papaver somniferum ´Major´.JPG
champ de pavot
- Papaver April 2010-13 crop.jpg
fleur
- Schlafmohn Papaver somniferum 2019-06-17 13-19-31 (C).jpg
stigmates et étamines
- Papaver somniferum 2021 G3.jpg
exsudation du latex
- Papaver somniferum 5Dsr 6905.jpg
fruit mûr
- 2 poppies seeds.jpg
fruits et graines
- Poppy-seeds.jpg
graines blanches
- plante herbacée annuelle, très glauque
- tige de 40 cm à 1 mètre, robuste, creuse, peu rameuse
- feuilles grandes, incisées-dentées, les caulinaires embrassantes
- fleurs rougeâtres, rosées ou blanches, très grandes
- filets des étamines blancs, en massue
- stigmates 8-15, sur un disque à lobes profonds, écartés
- capsule grosse, subglobuleuse, glabre, poricide
- graines bleues ou blanches (Coste)
Noms populaires
| français | pavot somnifère, pavot à opium ; œillette |
| anglais | opium poppy, mawseed |
| allemand | Mohn, Gartenmohn, Schalmohn |
| néerlandais | maankop, slaapbol, maanzaad |
| italien | papavero, papavero somnifero |
| espagnol | adormidera, amapola |
| catalan | cascall, pintacoques, dormidora, herba dormidora |
| portugais | anfião, dormideira, papoula |
| polonais | mak, mak lekarski, mak ogrodowy |
| russe | мак снотворный - mak snotvornyj |
| grec moderne | μήκων η υπνοφόρος - mikon i ipnoforos |
| arabe |
|
| chinois | 罂粟 - ying su (Flora of China) |
| Thaïlande | ya pi (Akha), ya fin (Lahu) (PROSEA) |
| Vietnam | cây thuốc phiện, cây anh túc (PROSEA) |
- Voir les noms de la Flore populaire d'Eugène Rolland
Classification
Papaver somniferum L. (1753)
Cultivars
- Papaver somniferum Belgium.jpg
pavot à fleurs doubles
- Poppy from above.JPG
pavot semi-double
- Purple Poppy.jpg
pavot pourpre
Histoire
- Papaver somniferum — Flora Batava — Volume v12.jpg
Flora Batava, 1865, vol. 12
- Papaver somniferum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-102.jpg
Köhler, 1897. Medizinal-Pflanzen
timbre de Macédoine, 2017
.jpg)
Usages
- Strucla sweet bread.jpg
pain au pavot
- Mohnkuchen.jpg
gâteau fourré au pavot
subsp. setigerum : Hammer and Fritsch (1977) confirm the existence of diploid forms and, thus, support the hypothesis of the descent of the cultivated poppy from this taxon. Wild distribution: W Mediterranean region.
subsp. somniferum : Cultivated taxon, probably domesticated in the W Mediterranean region. Worldwide cultivation, which has been legally restricted by the "International Narcotics Control Board" for several countries to avoid drug abuse. Opium is the main exported drug in India. Depending on their use, forms rich or poor in alkaloids are cultivated. Opium and medicine (codeine, methadone) are derived from the latex of the unripe capsules. Even the straw is used for production of morphine (painkiller). The seed oil is good for salad-oil or for production of dyes, varnish and laundry soap. The residues from extraction are fodder rich in proteins. The seeds are used for bakery products and as bird-fodder. The name "opium" has Persian roots. The first prehistoric evidence of P. somniferum has been obtained from W Central European sources from the Neolithic Age (4600-3800 BC) followed by numerous findings from later epoches of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages around the Alpes and later also in the Mediterranean region. First mentioned by Sumerians in the 4th millenium BC. In the antiquity cultivated as a spice, medicinal, oil and ornamental plant in Asia Minor.
subsp. songaricum : Cultivated on the Balkan peninsula and in Asia. There are differences between the two cultivated taxa with respect to their stigma morphology. For detailed infraspecific classification into convarieties and varieties see Danert (1958) and Hammer (1981). The infraspecific taxonomy of Papaver somniferum is recently under discussion with respect to its biochemical diversity.
Références
- Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 543)
- Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages. Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. Voir sur Pl@ntUse
- Danert, S., 1958. Zur Systematik von Papaver somniferum L. Kulturpflanze, 6 : 61-88.
- Hammer, K., 1981. Problems of Papaver somniferum - classification and some remarks on recently collected European poppy land-races. Kulturpflanze, 29 : 287-296.
- Hammer, K. & R. Fritsch, 1977. Zur Frage nach der Ursprungsart des Kulturmohns (Papaver somniferum L.). Kulturpflanze, 25 : 113-124.
- Schilperoord, Peer, 2017. Plantes cultivées en Suisse – Le pavot. 26 p. DOI: 10.22014/97839524176-e2.
- Version allemande : Kulturpflanzen in der Schweiz – Mohn. doi: 10.22014/97839524176-e1.
