Papaver somniferum : Différence entre versions

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{{Page espèce (plante à graines)
 
{{Page espèce (plante à graines)
|image = Image non disponible.JPG
+
|image = Papaver somniferum 02 by-dpc.jpg
 
|légende =  
 
|légende =  
|auteur =  
+
|auteur = L.
 
|ordre = Ranunculales
 
|ordre = Ranunculales
 
|famille = Papaveraceae
 
|famille = Papaveraceae
 
|genre = Papaver
 
|genre = Papaver
|nb chromosomes = 2n =  
+
|nb chromosomes = 2n = 22, et 20, 36, 44
|origine = aire d'origine
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|origine = ouest de la Méditerranée
 
|statut = sauvage ou cultivé
 
|statut = sauvage ou cultivé
 +
|français = '''pavot somnifère'''
 +
|anglais = '''opium poppy'''
 +
}}{{Encadré
 +
|color=lightgreen
 +
|titre=Résumé des usages
 +
|texte=*médicinal : morphine, codéine, thébaïne, noscapine...
 +
*drogue : opium, héroïne
 +
*graines source d'huile alimentaire : œillette
 +
*graines condiment de patisserie et du pain
 +
*jeunes feuilles mangées en salade
 +
*ornemental : fleurs, capsules en bouquets secs
 
}}
 
}}
*français : '''pavot'''
+
== Description ==
*anglais : '''poppy'''
+
<gallery mode="packed">
 
+
Papaver somniferum MC.tif|1, tige en fleurs ; 2, base de la tige ; 3, fruit ; 4, étamine ; 5, graine (PROSEA, Achmad Satiri Nurhaman)
 
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File:Mák setý Papaver somniferum ´Major´.JPG|champ de pavot
 +
File:Papaver April 2010-13 crop.jpg|fleur
 +
File:Schlafmohn Papaver somniferum 2019-06-17 13-19-31 (C).jpg|stigmates et étamines
 +
File:Papaver somniferum 2021 G3.jpg|exsudation du latex
 +
File:Papaver somniferum 5Dsr 6905.jpg|fruit mûr
 +
File:2 poppies seeds.jpg|fruits et graines
 +
File:Poppy-seeds.jpg|graines blanches
 +
</gallery>
 +
*plante herbacée annuelle, très glauque
 +
* tige de 40 cm à 1 mètre, robuste, creuse, peu rameuse
 +
*feuilles grandes, incisées-dentées, les caulinaires embrassantes
 +
* fleurs rougeâtres, rosées ou blanches, très grandes
 +
* filets des étamines blancs, en massue
 +
* stigmates 8-15, sur un disque à lobes profonds, écartés
 +
* capsule grosse, subglobuleuse, glabre, poricide
 +
*graines bleues ou blanches (Coste)
  
 
== Noms populaires ==
 
== Noms populaires ==
 
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
 
+
| français
== Biologie ==
+
| pavot somnifère, pavot à opium ; œillette
 +
|-
 +
| anglais
 +
| opium poppy, mawseed
 +
|-
 +
| allemand
 +
| Mohn, Gartenmohn, Schalmohn
 +
|-
 +
| néerlandais
 +
| maankop, slaapbol, maanzaad
 +
|-
 +
| italien
 +
| papavero, papavero somnifero
 +
|-
 +
| espagnol
 +
| adormidera, amapola
 +
|-
 +
| catalan
 +
| cascall, pintacoques, dormidora, herba dormidora
 +
|-
 +
| portugais
 +
| anfião, dormideira, papoula
 +
|-
 +
| polonais
 +
| mak, mak lekarski, mak ogrodowy
 +
|-
 +
| russe
 +
| мак снотворный - mak snotvornyj
 +
|-
 +
| grec moderne
 +
| μήκων η υπνοφόρος - mikon i ipnoforos
 +
|-
 +
| arabe
 +
|
 +
* خشخاش - ẖašẖaš : (plante et capsule)
 +
*tilīdut, talūdat (Souss, Laoust, 1920)
 +
* أفيون - ’afyūn : opium (Bellakhdar)
 +
|-
 +
| chinois
 +
| 罂粟 - ying su (Flora of China)
 +
|-
 +
| Thaïlande
 +
| ya pi (Akha), ya fin (Lahu) (PROSEA)
 +
|-
 +
| Vietnam
 +
| cây thuốc phiện, cây anh túc (PROSEA)
 +
|}
 +
*Voir les noms de la [[Papaver (Rolland, Flore populaire)#Papaver somniferum|''Flore populaire'' d'Eugène Rolland]]
  
 
== Classification ==
 
== Classification ==
 +
''Papaver somniferum'' L. (1753)
  
 
== Cultivars ==
 
== Cultivars ==
 +
<gallery mode=packed>
 +
File:Papaver somniferum Belgium.jpg|pavot à fleurs doubles
 +
File:Poppy from above.JPG|pavot semi-double
 +
File:Purple Poppy.jpg|pavot pourpre
 +
</gallery>
  
 
== Histoire ==
 
== Histoire ==
 +
<gallery mode="packed">
 +
File:Papaver somniferum — Flora Batava — Volume v12.jpg|''Flora Batava'', 1865, vol. 12
 +
File:Papaver somniferum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-102.jpg|Köhler, 1897. ''Medizinal-Pflanzen''
 +
File:Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).jpg|timbre de Macédoine, 2017
 +
</gallery>
  
 
== Usages ==
 
== Usages ==
 +
<gallery mode=packed>
 +
File:Strucla sweet bread.jpg|pain au pavot
 +
File:Mohnkuchen.jpg|gâteau fourré au pavot
 +
</gallery>
 +
{{Citation encadré
 +
|texte= '''subsp. ''setigerum''''' :  Hammer and Fritsch (1977) confirm the existence of diploid forms and, thus, support the hypothesis of the descent of the cultivated poppy from this taxon. Wild distribution: W Mediterranean region.
 +
<br>'''subsp. ''somniferum''''' : Cultivated taxon, probably domesticated in the W Mediterranean region. Worldwide cultivation, which has been legally restricted by the "International Narcotics Control Board" for several countries to avoid drug abuse. Opium is the main exported drug in India. Depending on their use, forms rich or poor in alkaloids are cultivated. Opium and medicine (codeine, methadone) are derived from the latex of the unripe capsules. Even the straw is used for production of morphine (painkiller). The seed oil is good for salad-oil or for production of dyes, varnish and laundry soap. The residues from extraction are fodder rich in proteins. The seeds are used for bakery products and as bird-fodder. The name "opium" has Persian roots. The first prehistoric evidence of P. somniferum has been obtained from W Central European sources from the Neolithic Age (4600-3800 BC) followed by numerous findings from later epoches of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages around the Alpes and later also in the Mediterranean region. First mentioned by Sumerians in the 4th millenium BC. In the antiquity cultivated as a spice, medicinal, oil and ornamental plant in Asia Minor.
 +
<br>'''subsp. ''songaricum''''' : Cultivated on the Balkan peninsula and in Asia. There are differences between the two cultivated taxa with respect to their stigma morphology. For detailed infraspecific classification into convarieties and varieties see Danert (1958) and Hammer (1981). The infraspecific taxonomy of ''Papaver somniferum'' is recently under discussion with respect to its biochemical diversity.
 +
|auteur =Mansfeld.
 +
}}
 +
*Voir les [[Pavot (Cazin 1868)|''Plantes médicinales'' de Cazin (1868)]]
 +
*Voir [[Papavéracées (Le Floc'h, 1983)#Papaver somniferum|Le Floc'h, 1983, ''Ethnobotanique tunisienne'', 97-99]]
  
 
== Références ==
 
== Références ==
 +
*Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 543)
 +
*Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. ''Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages.'' Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. [[P (Recueil de Dambourney)#PAVOT NOIR|Voir sur Pl@ntUse]]
 +
*Danert, S., 1958. Zur Systematik von ''Papaver somniferum'' L. ''Kulturpflanze'', '''6''' : 61-88.
 +
*Hammer, K., 1981. Problems of ''Papaver somniferum'' - classification and some remarks on recently collected European poppy land-races. ''Kulturpflanze'', '''29''' : 287-296.
 +
*Hammer, K. & R. Fritsch, 1977. Zur Frage nach der Ursprungsart des Kulturmohns (''Papaver somniferum'' L.). ''Kulturpflanze'', '''25''' : 113-124.
 +
*Schilperoord, Peer, 2017. ''Plantes cultivées en Suisse – Le pavot''. 26 p. [https://doi.org/10.22014/97839524176-e2 DOI: 10.22014/97839524176-e2].
 +
**Version allemande : ''Kulturpflanzen in der Schweiz – Mohn''. [https://doi.org/10.22014/97839524176-e1 doi: 10.22014/97839524176-e1].
  
 
== Liens ==
 
== Liens ==
 +
*[http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=fr&id=23678 BD des Plantes d'Afrique]
 
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Papaver%20somniferum&SearchCat= BHL]
 
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Papaver%20somniferum&SearchCat= BHL]
 
*[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/popwhi64.html Grieve's herbal]
 
*[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/popwhi64.html Grieve's herbal]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Papaver%20somniferum GRIN]
+
*[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=406377 GRIN]
 
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Papaver%20somniferum&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
 
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Papaver%20somniferum&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Papaver%20somniferum,,, Mansfeld]
+
*[https://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:46:14474362108424::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Papaver%20somniferum,10446 Mansfeld]
 
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Papaver%20somniferum Plant List]
 
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Papaver%20somniferum Plant List]
 
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver%20somniferum Plants for a future]
 
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver%20somniferum Plants for a future]
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Papaver%20somniferum Prota4U]
+
*[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673724-1 Plants of the World Online]
 +
*[[:en:Papaver somniferum (PROSEA)|PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]]
 
*[[Papaver somniferum (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]]
 
*[[Papaver somniferum (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]]
 +
*[https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/112364/tab/taxo TAXREF]
 +
*[https://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-47858 Tela Botanica]
 +
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver_somniferum Wikipédia]
 
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Papaver%20somniferum Wikiphyto]
 
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Papaver%20somniferum Wikiphyto]
 +
*[http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000480963 World Flora Online]
 +
  
 
[[Category:Papaver]]
 
[[Category:Papaver]]
 +
[[Category:Médecine humaine, tropical important]]
 +
[[Category:Médecine humaine, tempéré important]]

Version actuelle en date du 19 septembre 2022 à 21:22

Papaver somniferum L.

Ordre Ranunculales
Famille Papaveraceae
Genre Papaver

2n = 22, et 20, 36, 44

Origine : ouest de la Méditerranée

sauvage ou cultivé

Français pavot somnifère
Anglais opium poppy


Résumé des usages
  • médicinal : morphine, codéine, thébaïne, noscapine...
  • drogue : opium, héroïne
  • graines source d'huile alimentaire : œillette
  • graines condiment de patisserie et du pain
  • jeunes feuilles mangées en salade
  • ornemental : fleurs, capsules en bouquets secs


Description

  • plante herbacée annuelle, très glauque
  • tige de 40 cm à 1 mètre, robuste, creuse, peu rameuse
  • feuilles grandes, incisées-dentées, les caulinaires embrassantes
  • fleurs rougeâtres, rosées ou blanches, très grandes
  • filets des étamines blancs, en massue
  • stigmates 8-15, sur un disque à lobes profonds, écartés
  • capsule grosse, subglobuleuse, glabre, poricide
  • graines bleues ou blanches (Coste)

Noms populaires

français pavot somnifère, pavot à opium ; œillette
anglais opium poppy, mawseed
allemand Mohn, Gartenmohn, Schalmohn
néerlandais maankop, slaapbol, maanzaad
italien papavero, papavero somnifero
espagnol adormidera, amapola
catalan cascall, pintacoques, dormidora, herba dormidora
portugais anfião, dormideira, papoula
polonais mak, mak lekarski, mak ogrodowy
russe мак снотворный - mak snotvornyj
grec moderne μήκων η υπνοφόρος - mikon i ipnoforos
arabe
  • خشخاش - ẖašẖaš : (plante et capsule)
  • tilīdut, talūdat (Souss, Laoust, 1920)
  • أفيون - ’afyūn : opium (Bellakhdar)
chinois 罂粟 - ying su (Flora of China)
Thaïlande ya pi (Akha), ya fin (Lahu) (PROSEA)
Vietnam cây thuốc phiện, cây anh túc (PROSEA)

Classification

Papaver somniferum L. (1753)

Cultivars

Histoire

Usages

subsp. setigerum : Hammer and Fritsch (1977) confirm the existence of diploid forms and, thus, support the hypothesis of the descent of the cultivated poppy from this taxon. Wild distribution: W Mediterranean region.
subsp. somniferum : Cultivated taxon, probably domesticated in the W Mediterranean region. Worldwide cultivation, which has been legally restricted by the "International Narcotics Control Board" for several countries to avoid drug abuse. Opium is the main exported drug in India. Depending on their use, forms rich or poor in alkaloids are cultivated. Opium and medicine (codeine, methadone) are derived from the latex of the unripe capsules. Even the straw is used for production of morphine (painkiller). The seed oil is good for salad-oil or for production of dyes, varnish and laundry soap. The residues from extraction are fodder rich in proteins. The seeds are used for bakery products and as bird-fodder. The name "opium" has Persian roots. The first prehistoric evidence of P. somniferum has been obtained from W Central European sources from the Neolithic Age (4600-3800 BC) followed by numerous findings from later epoches of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages around the Alpes and later also in the Mediterranean region. First mentioned by Sumerians in the 4th millenium BC. In the antiquity cultivated as a spice, medicinal, oil and ornamental plant in Asia Minor.
subsp. songaricum : Cultivated on the Balkan peninsula and in Asia. There are differences between the two cultivated taxa with respect to their stigma morphology. For detailed infraspecific classification into convarieties and varieties see Danert (1958) and Hammer (1981). The infraspecific taxonomy of Papaver somniferum is recently under discussion with respect to its biochemical diversity.

Mansfeld.


Références

  • Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 543)
  • Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages. Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. Voir sur Pl@ntUse
  • Danert, S., 1958. Zur Systematik von Papaver somniferum L. Kulturpflanze, 6 : 61-88.
  • Hammer, K., 1981. Problems of Papaver somniferum - classification and some remarks on recently collected European poppy land-races. Kulturpflanze, 29 : 287-296.
  • Hammer, K. & R. Fritsch, 1977. Zur Frage nach der Ursprungsart des Kulturmohns (Papaver somniferum L.). Kulturpflanze, 25 : 113-124.
  • Schilperoord, Peer, 2017. Plantes cultivées en Suisse – Le pavot. 26 p. DOI: 10.22014/97839524176-e2.

Liens