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Syzygium aromaticum

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Syzygium aromaticum
(L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry

alt=Description de l'image ClovesDried.jpg.
clous de girofle
Ordre Myrtales
Famille Myrtaceae
Genre Syzygium

2n = 22

Origine : nord des Moluques, Nouvelle-Guinée

sauvage ou cultivé

Français giroflier / clou de girofle
Anglais clove


Résumé des usages
  • clous fumés avec du tabac dans les cigarettes kretek
  • eugénol distillé des clous ou des feuilles
  • médicinal : clou et fruit
  • anesthésique dentaire
  • bois d'œuvre


Description

Noms populaires

français giroflier / clou de girofle
créole antillais jiwof, kloujiwof (TRAMIL)
anglais clove tree / clove
allemand Gewürznelkenbaum / Gewürznelke
néerlandais kruidnagelboom / kruidnagel
italien chiodo di garofano
portugais cravo da Índia, cravo aromático
espagnol clavero, árbol del clavo / clavo de olor, clavo dulce
turc karanfil
arabe قَرُنْفُل ,قَرَنْفُل - qarunfil, qaranful
sanscrit lavaṃga ; lavaṃgkusuma ("fleur" de lavaṃga) ; lavaṃgakalikā "bouton de fleur de lavaṃga"
hindi laung (Wealth of India) ; लौंग
bengali laung (Wealth of India)
gujerati laung (Wealth of India)
marathi laung (Wealth of India)
telugu lavangamuchettu (arbre) ; lavangamulu (clous) (Wealth of India)
tamoul kirambu (Wealth of India) ; கராம்பு, கிராம்பு
kannada lavanga (Wealth of India)
malayalam karayampu, krambu (Wealth of India)
Indonésie cengkeh (PROSEA)
Malaysia chengkeh, chingkeh (PROSEA)
Philippines klabong pako, clavo de comer (PROSEA)
Birmanie lay-hnyin (PROSEA)
Cambodge khan phluu, khlam puu (PROSEA)
Laos do:k chan, ka:nz ph'u (PROSEA)
Thaïlande kanphlu (PROSEA)
Vietnam dinh hương (PROSEA)

Classification

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (1939)

basionyme :

  • Caryophyllus aromaticus L. (1753)

synonymes :

  • Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. (1800)
  • Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill. (1876)
  • Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock & Harrison (1958)

Cultivars

Histoire

Usages

Probably cultivated for more than 2.000 years. During the Han dynasty (220-200 BC) already well-known and used in S China. Nowadays planted (besides Indonesia as largest producer and consumer) mainly in Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba), Madagascar, Malaysia and Sri Lanka; also in S India, Réunion, the Comores, Gabon, French Guayana, Martinique, Dominica and Jamaica. The cloves of commerce are flower buds, harvested, when the calyx begins to redden. They are used whole, or variously grinded as spice or for the production of clove oil, obtained by distillation of the dried flower buds, peduncles or leaves. The main component of this oil is eugenol, one of the 12 most frequently produced etheric oils. It has great importance in the pharmaceutical and perfume industry, also in microscopy and medicine; formerly also used to synthetize vanillin. Most of the cloves are used for the production of the Kretek cigarettes in Indonesia; which are composed of ground cloves (about 30%) and tobacco (70%).

Mansfeld.


Références

  • Deinum, H., 1949. De kruidnagel. In: van Hall, C.J.J. & van de Koppel, C. (Editors): De landbouw in de Indischen Archipel [L'agriculture dans l'archipel indonésien]. Vol. 2B. van Hoeve, 's-Gravenhage, the Netherlands. p. 684-719.
  • de Waard, P.W.F., 1974. The development of clove buds and causes of irregular bearing of cloves (Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock et Horrison). Journal of Plantation Crops, 2(2): 23-31.
  • Dufournet, R., 1968. Le giroflier et sa culture à Madagascar. Bulletin of Madagascar, 18: 216-281.
  • Purseglove, J.W., Brown, E.G., Green, C.L. & Robbins, S.R.J., 1981. Spices. Vol. 2. Longman, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom. p. 229-285.
  • Rollet, Bernard et coll., 2010. Arbres des Petites Antilles. Tome 1 : Introduction à la dendrologie. 276 p. Tome 2 : Description des espèces. 866 p. + 46 pl. coul. + CD de photos sur l'anatomie du bois. Basse-Terre, ONF. Voir sur Pl@ntUse.
  • Tidbury, G.E., 1949. The clove tree. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London, United Kingdom. 212 p.
  • TRAMIL, Pharmacopée végétale caribéenne, éd. scient. L. Germosén-Robineau. 2014. 3e éd. Santo Domingo, Canopé de Guadeloupe. 420 p. Voir sur Pl@ntUse
  • Weiss, E.A., 1997. Essential oil crops. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom. p. 235-259.
  • Wit, F., 1969. The clove tree Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock & Harrison. In: Ferwerda, F.P. & Wit, F. (Editors): Outlines of perennial crop breeding in the tropics. Miscellaneous Papers No 4, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. p. 163-174.

Liens