Armoracia rusticana
Armoracia rusticana
G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.
| Ordre | Brassicales |
|---|---|
| Famille | Brassicaceae |
| Genre | Armoracia |
2n =
Origine : nord-est de l'Europe
sauvage et cultivé
| Français | raifort |
|---|---|
| Anglais | horseradish |
- racine râpée en condiment
- feuilles mangées en salade et en sarma
Sommaire
Description
1, plante en fleurs ; 2, racine principale ; 3, partie d'inflorescence ; 4, fleur ; 5, étamines; 6, fruit immature (PROSEA)
Plante vivace, verte, à souche renflée-charnue, stolonifère - tige d'environ 1 mètre, dressée, robuste, creuse, sillonnée, rameuse dans le haut - feuilles radicales très grandes, ovales-oblongues, crénelées, les caulinaires inférieures parfois pennatifides, les supérieures lancéolées, sessiles, non auriculées - fleurs grandes - sépales dressés - pétales un peu plus longs que le calice - filets des étamines droits et divergents - grappe fructifère longue et lâche, à pédicelles 4-5 fois plus longs que les silicules subglobuleuses - graines à peu près lisses.
Noms populaires
| français | raifort ; cranson, moutarde des Allemands (vieux) |
| anglais | horseradish, horse-radish |
| allemand | Meerrettich ; Kren (est de l’Allemagne et Autriche) |
| néerlandais | mierikswortel ; peperwortel (Belgique) |
| italien | barbaforte, cren, rafano |
| espagnol | rábano rusticano ; barbafuerte, taramago, cren (Argentine) |
| portugais | rábão rústico |
| roumain | hrean |
| polonais | chrzan |
| russe | khren |
| ukrainien | hrin (Roumanie) |
| serbo-croate | hren, kren, рен - ren (Bosnie-Herzégovine, Serbie) |
| bulgare | рян - hrjan |
| hongrois | torma (Roumanie) |
| chinois | 辣根 - la gen (Flora of China) |
Classification
Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (1800)
synonymes :
- Cochlearia armoracia L. (1753)
- Armoracia lapatifolia Gilib. (1782)
- Armoracia sativa Bernh. (1800)
- Armoracia lapathifolia auct.
Cultivars
Histoire
Usages
Presumably indigenous in the E and SE European parts of the former Soviet Union, but today widespread and naturalized in Europe, also often introduced to other continents. It is cultivated at many places within the temperate zones of the Old and New World, mainly in Europe and North America, more seldom in the mountains of the tropics. It is mostly grown on small plots in house or abbey gardens for both culinary and medicinal uses, more seldom large scaled production can be found in Germany in centres like Upper Franconia, Thuringia and the Spreewald (firstly documented in 1569), the Mississippi-valley, Wisconsin and California in North America or in South Africa. The peeled and grated taproots are eaten raw, mixed with salt, vinegar and oil. As a hot spice it is mainly eaten together with meat and fish dishes. But this species is also used as a medicinal plant and sometimes it is cultivated only for its leaves. It has been known and perhaps also cultivated since ancient times; for Central Europe cultivation had been documented since the 12th cent., to where it was brought by Slavic tribes. With exception of recent cultivars an extremely seed-sterile species obviously of hybridogenic origin. Further information about the variability are given by Rhodes et al. (1969).
- Voir les Plantes médicinales de Cazin (1868)
En Turquie et dans les Balkans, les feuilles servent à envelopper des boulettes de viande, de riz ou de boulgour, appelées sarma. (Dogan et al., 2015, 2017).
Références
- Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 165)
- Courter, J. W. & Rhodes, A. M., 1969. Historical notes on horseradish. Econ. Bot., 23 : 156-164.
- Dogan, Yunus et al., 2015. Of the importance of a leaf: The ethnobotany of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. J. Ethnobiol. & Ethnomed., 11-26. doi : 10.1186/s13002-015-0002-x
- Dogan, Yunus ; Nedelcheva, Anely & Pieroni, Andrea, 2017. The diversity of plants used for the traditional dish sarma in Turkey: nature, garden and traditional cuisine in the modern era. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 29 (6) : 429-440. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2016-09-1238.
- Kotov, V. P., 1978. Chren. Leningrad, Kolos. 47 p.
- Rhodes, A. M. ; Carmer, S. G. & Courter, J. W., 1969. Measurement and classification of genetic variability in horseradish. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 94 : 98-102.
Liens
- BHL
- FAO Ecocrop
- Feedipedia
- Flora of China
- Flora of North America
- Grieve's herbal
- GRIN
- IPNI
- Mansfeld
- Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
- Multilingual Plant Name Database
- NewCrop Purdue
- Plant List
- Plants for a future
- PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse
- TAXREF
- Tela Botanica
- Useful Tropical Plants Database
- Wikipédia
- Wikiphyto
