Punica granatum

Punica granatum L.

alt=Description de l'image Grenadier.JPG.


Ordre	Myrtales
Famille	Lythraceae
Genre	Punica

2n = 16, 18

Origine : Asie centrale, Inde

sauvage ou cultivé


Français	grenadier
Anglais	pomegranate

Résumé des usages

fruit comestible (formes douces)
formes acides du fruit : ingrédient culinaire, frais ou concentré
écorce du fruit et des racines : tanin et colorant
fleurs : médicinale
forme du fruit source d'inspiration artistique

The traditional area of cultivation reaches from the Himalaya to the Mediterranean area. Now cultivated in most countries with warmer climate, also escaped from cultivation and naturalized (e.g. in N Albania). Very old fruit tree, already in the early Bronze age known from the Middle East. Punica protopunica Balf.f. (in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinbg. 9, 1882, 512) from Socotra had been discussed as a possible progenitor, but this is rather doubtful. A multiple domestication within the large area of the wild P. granatum is now generally accepted. The fruits are consumed fresh. The pulpa of the seeds is eaten or prepared into a juice, which is the basis for lemonades or a beverage similar to wine. In India the dried and ground seeds are used as a condiment (anardana). Medicinally used are flowers (Flores balaustinorum, Flores Granati, Flores Balaustia) and the fruit peel which is rich in tannin (Cortex fructus Granati, Cortex malicorii, Malicorium, Pericarpium Granati), also used for tanning as the root bark (Cortex Radicis Granati). From the flowers a red dye is extracted. Also ornamental plant with simple and double flowers.

Description

fleurs doubles
cv. 'Legrelliae' à Madrid
fleur orange à Los Angeles
jeunes fruits
jeunes fruits
fruit
fruit au Brésil
grenade noire (Taft, Iran)

Noms populaires

français	grenadier / grenade
anglais	pomegranate
allemand	Granatapfelbaum / Granatapfel
néerlandais	granaatappel
italien	melograno ; melogranato / melagrana ; mela granata
espagnol	granado / granada
catalan	magraner / magrana, mangrana
portugais	romãzeira ; romanzeira (Brésil) / romã
arabe	rummān
grec ancien	ῥόα, ῥοιά - rhoa, rhoia (Théophraste), ῥόα - rhoa (Dioscoride)

Voir les noms dans toutes les langues européennes
Voir les noms de la Flore populaire d'Eugène Rolland

Classification

Punica granatum L. (1753)

synonyme : Punica nana L. (1762)

Cultivars

Gallesio, 1817-1839, Pomona Italiana
Melagrana

Histoire

porteur d'offrandes, tombe d'Amenemhêt (sous Thutmosis III, vers 1500-1450 av. J.-C.), Thèbes
maison de Dionysos (Paphos)
Heraklea (Bitola, Macédoine)
statue étrusque de Proserpine (Palerme)
fresque de la maison Julia Felix, Pompéi, vers 70 ap. J.-C.
pièce juive d'un-demi shekel, datant de 68-69 ap. J.-C. (Judée)
magasin juif de Grenade
Tacuinum de Rouen
illustration chinoise
Antonio Ponce, XVIIe (Prado, Madrid)
Madonne à la grenade, Botticelli, 1487 (Galerie des Offices, Florence)
L’orientale à la grenade, William Bouguereau, 1875
faïence de Fajalauza (Grenade)
azulejo de Fajalauza (Grenade)

variété fruitière. Köhler, 1897. Medizinal-Pflanzen
variété ornementale. Köhler, 1897. Medizinal-Pflanzen
Thomé, 1885, Flora von Deutschland
Louis van Houtte, 1858. Flore des serres, vol. XIII. Punica granatum Legrellei, Grenadier à fleurs aurores

Usages

fabrication de jus de grenade frais (Istanbul)

Voir Edible plants de Sturtevant (1919)
Voir l'Origine des plantes cultivées de Candolle (1882)
Voir les Plantes médicinales de Cazin (1868)

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Le Floc'h, 1983, Ethnobotanique tunisienne, 170.

The traditional area of cultivation reaches from the Himalaya to the Mediterranean area. Now cultivated in most countries with warmer climate, also escaped from cultivation and naturalized (e.g. in N Albania). Very old fruit tree, already in the early Bronze age known from the Middle East. Punica protopunica Balf.f. (in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinbg. 9, 1882, 512) from Socotra had been discussed as a possible progenitor, but this is rather doubtful. A multiple domestication within the large area of the wild P. granatum is now generally accepted. The fruits are consumed fresh. The pulpa of the seeds is eaten or prepared into a juice, which is the basis for lemonades or a beverage similar to wine. In India the dried and ground seeds are used as a condiment (anardana). Medicinally used are flowers (Flores balaustinorum, Flores Granati, Flores Balaustia) and the fruit peel which is rich in tannin (Cortex fructus Granati, Cortex malicorii, Malicorium, Pericarpium Granati), also used for tanning as the root bark (Cortex Radicis Granati). From the flowers a red dye is extracted. Also ornamental plant with simple and double flowers.

Mansfeld.

Propriétés

Voir la composition nutritionnelle de la grenade fraîche du CIQUAL (ANSES, France)
Voir la composition nutritionnelle de la grenade fraîche du National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (USDA)

Rôle dans les cultures humaines

balustre et balustrade. La forme de départ est copiée du jeune fruit, appelé balaustium en latin

Références

Agrimaroc, 2004. Le grenadier. télécharger le pdf
Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 425)
Evreinoff V.A., 1957. Contribution à l'étude du grenadier. J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl., 4 : 124-138.
Goor, Asaph, 1967. The history of the pomegranate in the Holy Land. Econ. Bot., 21 : 215-229.
Holland, D., Hatib, K. & Bar-Ya’akov, I. Pomegranate: Botany, Horticulture, Breeding. Section of Deciduous Fruit Trees Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel. télécharger le pdf
Janick, Jules & Paull, Robert E., 2008. The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. Cambridge (USA), CABI. 954 p.
Lüdders P. & Debor H.W., 1978. Bibliographie des internationalen Granatapfel-Schrifttums. Aktuelle Literaturinformationen aus dem Obstbau (Technische Univ., Berlin), n° 73.
Mars, Messaoud & Marrakchi, Mohamed M., 1999. Diversity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) germplasm in Tunisia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 46: 461-467.
Mars, Messaoud, 2000. Pomegranate plant material: Genetic resources and breeding, a review. in : Melgarejo P. (ed.), Martínez-Nicolás J.J. (ed.), Martínez-Tomé J. (ed.). Production, processing and marketing of pomegranate in the Mediterranean region: Advances in research and technology. Options Méditerranéennes, Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens: n. 42). pp. 55-62. en ligne au CIHEAM.
Mars, Messaoud, 2001. Le grenadier (Punica granatum L.). Thèse Montpellier.
Morton, Julia F., 1987. Fruits of warm climates. Miami. Pomegranate : pp. 352–355. en ligne à New Crop Purdue.
Mure, Véronique, 2013. Le grenadier et la balustre… Botanique, Jardins, Paysages.
Popenoe, Wilson, 1974. Manual of tropical and subtropical fruits. Excluding the banana, coconut, pineapple, citrus frits and fig. Ed. 1 : 1920, Macmillan Company. Reprint 1974, Hafner. Grenadier : pp 375-383.
Rollet, Bernard et coll., 2010. Arbres des Petites Antilles. Tome 1 : Introduction à la dendrologie. 276 p. Tome 2 : Description des espèces. 866 p. + 46 pl. coul. + CD de photos sur l'anatomie du bois. Basse-Terre, ONF. Voir sur Pl@ntUse.
Seeram, Navindra P., Schulman, Risa N. & Heber, David, 2006. Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine. CRC Press. (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles).