Triticum aestivum : Différence entre versions

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This species includes both hulled wheats (subsp. ''macha'', ''spelta'', ''vavilovii'') and naked wheats (subsp. ''aestivum'', ''compactum'', ''sphaerococcum''). The difference is due to only one gene, the q gene.
 
This species includes both hulled wheats (subsp. ''macha'', ''spelta'', ''vavilovii'') and naked wheats (subsp. ''aestivum'', ''compactum'', ''sphaerococcum''). The difference is due to only one gene, the q gene.
 
It is the amphiploid of ''Triticum turgidum'' (genome AABB) and ''Aegilops tauschii'' (genome DD). This last wild species lives south of the Caspian Sea (Iran, Afghanistan, Kirghiztan). It is adapted to climates with a cold winter and a humid summer. So the D genome allowed wheat to be cultivated outside of the Mediterranean areas, and explains its worlwide expansion.
 
It is the amphiploid of ''Triticum turgidum'' (genome AABB) and ''Aegilops tauschii'' (genome DD). This last wild species lives south of the Caspian Sea (Iran, Afghanistan, Kirghiztan). It is adapted to climates with a cold winter and a humid summer. So the D genome allowed wheat to be cultivated outside of the Mediterranean areas, and explains its worlwide expansion.
−
|varieties =
 
−
Descriptions and drawings of all the cultivars known in Western Europe in 1880 and 1909 are found in [[:fr:Vilmorin-Andrieux, Les meilleurs blés|Les meilleurs blés]].
 
  
 
== Classification ==
 
== Classification ==
 
''Triticum aestivum'' L. (1753)
 
''Triticum aestivum'' L. (1753)
  
−
current synonyms:
+
synonymes courants:
 
*''Triticum hybernum'' L. (1753)
 
*''Triticum hybernum'' L. (1753)
 
*''Triticum sativum'' Lam. (1779)
 
*''Triticum sativum'' Lam. (1779)
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**''T. aestivum'' subsp. ''vulgare'' (Vill.) MacKey (1954)
 
**''T. aestivum'' subsp. ''vulgare'' (Vill.) MacKey (1954)
 
**''T. aestivum'' L. sensu stricto
 
**''T. aestivum'' L. sensu stricto
−
*English: wheat, bread wheat
+
 
 
*French: blé tendre, froment
 
*French: blé tendre, froment
 +
*English: wheat, bread wheat
  
 
see more [[Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum (Common names)|European names]]
 
see more [[Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum (Common names)|European names]]
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[[File:Triticum compactum0.jpg|thumb|club wheat]]
 
[[File:Triticum compactum0.jpg|thumb|club wheat]]
 
*synonym: ''T. compactum'' Host (1809)
 
*synonym: ''T. compactum'' Host (1809)
−
*English: club wheat
+
 
 
*French: blé compact, blé hérisson
 
*French: blé compact, blé hérisson
 +
*English: club wheat
 
*German: Igelweizen, Zwergweizen, Binkelweizen
 
*German: Igelweizen, Zwergweizen, Binkelweizen
 
*Spanish: trigo cabezorro
 
*Spanish: trigo cabezorro
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=== ''Triticum aestivum'' L. subsp. ''macha'' (Dekapr. et Menabde) MacKey (1954) ===
 
=== ''Triticum aestivum'' L. subsp. ''macha'' (Dekapr. et Menabde) MacKey (1954) ===
 
*synonym: ''T. macha'' Dekapr. et Menabde (1932)
 
*synonym: ''T. macha'' Dekapr. et Menabde (1932)
−
*English: macha wheat
+
 
 
*French: blé macha
 
*French: blé macha
 +
*English: macha wheat
 
*German: Macha-Weizen
 
*German: Macha-Weizen
 
*Spanish: trigo maka
 
*Spanish: trigo maka
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synonym: ''T. spelta'' L. (1753)
 
synonym: ''T. spelta'' L. (1753)
−
*English: spelt
 
 
*French: épeautre
 
*French: épeautre
 +
*English: spelt
  
−
see more [[Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta (Common names)|European names]]
+
voir d'autres [[:en:Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta (Common names)|noms européens]]
  
 
=== ''Triticum aestivum'' L. subsp. ''sphaerococcum'' (Perc.) MacKey (1954) ===
 
=== ''Triticum aestivum'' L. subsp. ''sphaerococcum'' (Perc.) MacKey (1954) ===
 
*synonym : ''T. sphaerococcum'' Perc. (1921)
 
*synonym : ''T. sphaerococcum'' Perc. (1921)
  
−
*English: Indian dwarf wheat
 
 
*French: blé indien
 
*French: blé indien
 +
*English: Indian dwarf wheat
 
*German: indischer Kugel-Weizen, indischer Zwerg-Weizen
 
*German: indischer Kugel-Weizen, indischer Zwerg-Weizen
 
*Spanish: trigo indio
 
*Spanish: trigo indio
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**''T. vulgare'' var. ''vavilovii'' Tuman. ex Fljaksb. (1935)
 
**''T. vulgare'' var. ''vavilovii'' Tuman. ex Fljaksb. (1935)
  
−
*English: Vavilov’s wheat
 
 
*French: blé de Vavilov, blé arménien
 
*French: blé de Vavilov, blé arménien
 +
*English: Vavilov’s wheat
 
*German: Vavilov’s Weizen
 
*German: Vavilov’s Weizen
  
 
== Cultivars ==
 
== Cultivars ==
 +
On trouve des descriptions et des dessins de tous les cultivars connus en Europe de l'Ouest en 1880 et 1909 dans [[Vilmorin-Andrieux, Les meilleurs blés|Les meilleurs blés]].
  
 
== Histoire ==
 
== Histoire ==
Ligne 106 : Ligne 108 :
 
Agriculture reached the Caspian Sea only in 6000-5000 BC. (2 to 3 millenaries after its invention in the fertile Crescent). ''Triticum aestivum'' must then have appeared in fields of ''Triticum turgidum'' as a result of hybridization with the wild ''Aegilops tauschii''. With the spread of agriculture into temperate areas, pure crops of Triticum aestivum would then be favored. Logically, subsp. ''spelta'' would be the first to appear, but it seems to have remained for a long time an impurity in fields of Triticum turgidum, and it spread only to central Europe. On the contrary, subsp. aestivum spread both west (to all Europe) and east (to central Asia and India).
 
Agriculture reached the Caspian Sea only in 6000-5000 BC. (2 to 3 millenaries after its invention in the fertile Crescent). ''Triticum aestivum'' must then have appeared in fields of ''Triticum turgidum'' as a result of hybridization with the wild ''Aegilops tauschii''. With the spread of agriculture into temperate areas, pure crops of Triticum aestivum would then be favored. Logically, subsp. ''spelta'' would be the first to appear, but it seems to have remained for a long time an impurity in fields of Triticum turgidum, and it spread only to central Europe. On the contrary, subsp. aestivum spread both west (to all Europe) and east (to central Asia and India).
  
−
see Candolle's articles for [[:fr:Froment et formes ou espèces voisines (Candolle, 1882)|naked]] and [[:fr:Epeautre et formes ou espèces voisines (Candolle, 1882)|hulled]] wheats.
+
see Candolle's articles for [[Froment et formes ou espèces voisines (Candolle, 1882)|naked]] and [[Epeautre et formes ou espèces voisines (Candolle, 1882)|hulled]] wheats.
  
 
== Usages ==
 
== Usages ==
Ligne 112 : Ligne 114 :
 
== Références ==
 
== Références ==
 
*Zohary Daniel, Hopf Maria & Weiss Ehud, 2012. ''Domestication of plants in the Old World''. Fourth Edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press. XVI-243 p.
 
*Zohary Daniel, Hopf Maria & Weiss Ehud, 2012. ''Domestication of plants in the Old World''. Fourth Edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press. XVI-243 p.
 +
 
== Liens ==
 
== Liens ==
−
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropFindForm FAO Ecocrop]
 
−
*[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/comindx.html Grieve's herbal]
 
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*[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/ Moerman]
 
−
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Triticum.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
 
−
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Triticum_spp_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
 
−
*[http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-69671 Tela Botanica]
 
−
*[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum_aestivum Wikipédia]
 
 
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Triticum%20aestivum&SearchCat= BHL]  
 
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Triticum%20aestivum&SearchCat= BHL]  
 +
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2114 FAO Ecocrop]
 
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Triticum%20aestivum GRIN]
 
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Triticum%20aestivum GRIN]
 
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Triticum%20aestivum&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
 
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Triticum%20aestivum&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
 
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Triticum%20aestivum,,, Mansfeld]
 
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Triticum%20aestivum,,, Mansfeld]
 +
*[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/ Moerman Native American Ethnobotany]
 +
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Triticum.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
 +
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Triticum_spp_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
 
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Triticum%20aestivum Plant List]
 
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Triticum%20aestivum Plant List]
 
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum%20aestivum Plants for a future]
 
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum%20aestivum Plants for a future]
 
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Triticum%20aestivum Prota4U]
 
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Triticum%20aestivum Prota4U]
 +
*[http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-69671 Tela Botanica]
 +
*[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum_aestivum Wikipédia]
 
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9_cultiv%C3%A9}} Wikiphyto]
 
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9_cultiv%C3%A9}} Wikiphyto]
  
 
[[Catégorie:Céréale, cultivée]]
 
[[Catégorie:Céréale, cultivée]]

Version du 13 juin 2013 à 14:20

Triticum aestivum L.

alt=Description de l'image Wheat field.jpg.
champ de blé
Ordre Poales
Famille Gramineae
Genre Triticum

2n = 42, genome AABBDD

Origine : sud de la mer Caspienne

cultivé uniquement

Français {{{français}}}
Anglais {{{anglais}}}


  • français : blé, blé tendre
  • anglais : wheat, bread wheat


  • plante herbacée annuelle, érigée, tallant à la base
  • tige (chaume) creuse, non ramifiée
  • feuilles linéaires, planes, de plus d'un cm de large
  • épi dense d'épillets à 2-5 fleurs
  • lemmes munies ou non d'arête
  • plante autogame


  • une des céréales d'importance mondiale, avec maïs et riz
  • grain consommé par hommes et animaux
  • chaume utilisé comme litière ou matériau (toits, paillons…)


Noms populaires

Biologie

This species includes both hulled wheats (subsp. macha, spelta, vavilovii) and naked wheats (subsp. aestivum, compactum, sphaerococcum). The difference is due to only one gene, the q gene. It is the amphiploid of Triticum turgidum (genome AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (genome DD). This last wild species lives south of the Caspian Sea (Iran, Afghanistan, Kirghiztan). It is adapted to climates with a cold winter and a humid summer. So the D genome allowed wheat to be cultivated outside of the Mediterranean areas, and explains its worlwide expansion.

Classification

Triticum aestivum L. (1753)

synonymes courants:

  • Triticum hybernum L. (1753)
  • Triticum sativum Lam. (1779)
  • Triticum vulgare Vill. (1787)

Linneaus created two names, one for spring wheat, and another for winter wheat. This distinction is indeed important to farmers, but not relevant botanically. When merging both Linnean species into one, authors chosed a new name, following usage of that time. The ICBN rules now that the first name published has priority, and that in the case of two names having the same date, the choice of the first author merging both taxa should be followed. It was first thought that Triticum aestivum was the first name chosen, until Kerguélen found in an obscure flora that Triticum hybernum predated it. In order to promote stability for such an important crop, Triticum aestivum is now a nomen conservandum.

Later, Thellung merged Triticum spelta into T. aestivum. Authors wishing to stress that they used Triticum aestivum in a broader sense than Linnaeus used to add 'emend. Fiori et Paoletti (1896)' or 'emend. Thell. (1918)', but this usage is now obsolete.

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum

  • synonym:
    • T. aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) MacKey (1954)
    • T. aestivum L. sensu stricto
  • French: blé tendre, froment
  • English: wheat, bread wheat

see more European names

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. compactum (Host) MacKey (1954)

club wheat
  • synonym: T. compactum Host (1809)
  • French: blé compact, blé hérisson
  • English: club wheat
  • German: Igelweizen, Zwergweizen, Binkelweizen
  • Spanish: trigo cabezorro

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. macha (Dekapr. et Menabde) MacKey (1954)

  • synonym: T. macha Dekapr. et Menabde (1932)
  • French: blé macha
  • English: macha wheat
  • German: Macha-Weizen
  • Spanish: trigo maka
  • Georgian: makha

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. (1918)

Epeautre blanc, sans barbes (Vilmorin, 1880)

synonym: T. spelta L. (1753)

  • French: épeautre
  • English: spelt

voir d'autres noms européens

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. sphaerococcum (Perc.) MacKey (1954)

  • synonym : T. sphaerococcum Perc. (1921)
  • French: blé indien
  • English: Indian dwarf wheat
  • German: indischer Kugel-Weizen, indischer Zwerg-Weizen
  • Spanish: trigo indio

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. vavilovii (Tuman.) Sears (1959)

  • synonyms:
    • T. vavilovii (Tuman.) Jakubc. (1933)
    • T. vulgare var. vavilovii Tuman. ex Fljaksb. (1935)
  • French: blé de Vavilov, blé arménien
  • English: Vavilov’s wheat
  • German: Vavilov’s Weizen

Cultivars

On trouve des descriptions et des dessins de tous les cultivars connus en Europe de l'Ouest en 1880 et 1909 dans Les meilleurs blés.

Histoire

The bread wheat now grows in all temperate areas and mountain tropical areas.

Agriculture reached the Caspian Sea only in 6000-5000 BC. (2 to 3 millenaries after its invention in the fertile Crescent). Triticum aestivum must then have appeared in fields of Triticum turgidum as a result of hybridization with the wild Aegilops tauschii. With the spread of agriculture into temperate areas, pure crops of Triticum aestivum would then be favored. Logically, subsp. spelta would be the first to appear, but it seems to have remained for a long time an impurity in fields of Triticum turgidum, and it spread only to central Europe. On the contrary, subsp. aestivum spread both west (to all Europe) and east (to central Asia and India).

see Candolle's articles for naked and hulled wheats.

Usages

Références

  • Zohary Daniel, Hopf Maria & Weiss Ehud, 2012. Domestication of plants in the Old World. Fourth Edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press. XVI-243 p.

Liens

Récupérée de « https://uses.plantnet-project.org/f/index.php?title=Triticum_aestivum&oldid=17061 »