Changes

|family = CompositaeAsteraceae

A striking feature of sunflowers is that all flowering heads seem to look eastwards<gallery mode="packed">File:Tournesol hors-norme Luxé. The young plant, before jpg| Branched sunflower with small flower openingheads, looks eastwards in the early morningmiddle of a sunflower field (Luxé, and follows the sun during the dayCharente)File:Helianthus annuus leaf2 - Flickr - Macleay Grass Man. At night, it comes back to its original positionjpg|leavesFile:Bud of sunflower. But when flowers open, they stop eastwardsjpg|young flower budFile:Auringonkukan nuppu 2.jpg|flower headFile:Helianthus - annuus - 04.jpg|marture flower headFile:Sunflower seed whole and kernel.jpg|fruit and seed</gallery>

== Popular names =={| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"* erect and branched herbaceous plant in the wild, single-stemmed in cultivated forms.*English: sunflowerwhole leaves, alternate, rough to the touch*French: tournesolradiate flower head, with numerous tubular flowers in the center and bright yellow ligulate flowers

*subsp. ''lenticularis'' (Dougl.) Cockerell (1914) is the wild form from western North western America. It has many branches with small flower heads.*subsp. ''annuus'' var. ''annuus'' is a weedy an adventitious form from eastern North East America.*subsp. ''annuus'' var. ''macrocarpus'' (DC). Cockerell (1914) includes cultivated forms, which have only one stem and a terminal big terminal flower head.

<gallery mode=packed> File:Sonnenblume 1.jpg|cv. ornementalFile:Helianthus annuus (cultivar) 02.jpg|cv. ‘Teddy Bear’</gallery>*Cultivars of which seeds are eaten as snacks usually have large flower heads and big brown and white striped kernels used for their seeds eaten as snacks have usually big heads and big akenes striped with brown and white-striped achenes.*Cultivars grown for the oil extraction of oil have small average flower heads and small black akenesachenes.**Usual oil producing sunflower cultivars give an oil with 24% oleic acid and 65% linoleic acid.**High oleic cultivars give an oil with 50% to 90% oleic acid. They must be grown in isolation separated from usual cultivars (more than 500 m apart) because pollen contamination would cause a lower decrease of the oleic acid content.

Sunflower has been Sunflowers were domesticated by Amerindians. They used Native Americans in the seeds either roasted Northeastern United States. These consumed fried or crushed pounded seed, turning them into a paste. This paste had a cosmetic use, or was mixed with maize corn flour into to make cakes. But they didn't extract the oil was not extracted.

The plant was grown cultivated as individual plants near or isolated individuals in maize fieldsor near cornfields. Cultivars with high stem tall stems and big large flower heads were selected. According to Lentz '' et al. '' (2008a), the sunflower was also domesticated independently in Mexico. This is disputed by Brown (2008) and Heiser (2008b), to whom Lentz '' et al. '' (2008b) respond. Brown points out that the Mexican names for the sunflower are all motivated, indicating a relatively recent origin. Heiser adds that there is no convincing mention if the plant in Hernández and Sahagún.*See [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/buffalo/garden/garden.html#III Sunflowers] in ''Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden Recounted by Maxi'diwiac (Buffalo Bird Woman) of the Hidatsa Indian Tribe'' (ca.1839-1932), edited by Gilbert Livingstone Wilson (1868-1930). Originally published as "''Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation''" by Gilbert Livingstone Wilson, Ph.D. (1868-1930) Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota (Studies in the Social Sciences, #9), 1917. Ph. D. Thesis. Récit passionnant de première main.

File:Chrysanthemum perunianum 295 Dodoens Florum 1568.png|Chrysanthemum perunianum ([[:fr:Dodoens, images du Florum et coronariarum|Dodoens 1568]])File:Chrysanth. perunianum 307 Dodoens Florum 1569.png|Chrysanth. perunianum ([[:fr:Dodoens, images du Florum et coronariarum|Dodoens 1569]])File:Chrysanthemum peruvianum 264 Dodoens 1583.png|Chrysanthemum peruvianum ([[:fr:Dodoens, images du Pemptades, 1583|Dodoens 1583]])Herbe du soleil Duret 1605.png|Portraict de l'Herbe du Soleil de Monardes, p. 253. Claude Duret, 1605. ''Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmerueillables''Petit soleil Duret 1605.png|Portraict de la fleur du Soleil petite, selon Lobelius, p. 254. Claude Duret, 1605. ''Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmerueillables''File:Besler001.jpg|Besler, 1616, ''Hortus Eystettensis'', Flos solis maiorFile:Gc4 helianthus annuus.jpg|Hans-Simon Holtzbecker, 1649-1659, ''Gottorfer Codex''File:Helianthus annuus00.jpg|Nicolas Robert, 1666-85File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 128.jpg|van Gogh, 1888

Dodoens's illustrations are from the same wood engraving. It represents They represent a cultivated type with only one big a single large flower head. Leaves are drawn as alternate, although they are in fact opposite decussate.

During centuries, sunflower was grown as an ornamentalplant. Targioni-Tozzetti mentions it as an in his chapter about ornamentalplants, and Candolle omits it because he did not deal with ornamentals.

The Its use as poultry feed chicken food may have begun then, and is still practiced up to now (as entire heads).Sunflower has been one of the most important temperate oilseeds in Europe since the 1970s. Varieties rich in oleic acid ("Oleisol") are also grown.

This change transition is largely mainly due to the Orthodox Church ! There were then . The latter indeed imposed long periods of fastleanness, during Lent and for Christmas. A long list of prohibited oil-rich foods was compiled in the 18th century, but sunflower oil was not on the list, because as a newcomer, it was new and still largely unknown. Farmers Peasants began growing to cultivate the plant in Ukraine and in Kuban, and the first crushing factories were created established in 1830.

In During the first half of the 20th century, Russian breeders improved the oil content, and choosed chose a cultivar-type of cultivars with small stem stems and medium-sized headflower heads. Russian cultivars began spreading then spread to western Western Europe. It is said that Hitler allegedly invaded the Soviet Union partly in order to have gain access to sunflower oil, because among other things, as Germany eagerly needed was in dire need of cooking oil.

In the second half of the 20th twentieth century, Europe (and particularly Francein particular) began investing to invest in the research in of "metropolitan" oil cropsoilseeds, as because it could no longer rely count on tropical colonial oils. In 1969, at the Clermont-Ferrand INRA research stationin Clermont-Ferrand, the French scientist Patrice Leclercq discovered a cytoplasmic male-sterility character trait by crossing hybridizing a sunflower with ''[[Helianthus petiolaris]]'' Nuttall. This was the key event allowing allowed an easy production of F1 hybrid seeds. This character trait is now used worldwideall over the world, and the world crop of global sunflower production has doubledsince. It Sunflowers has also come back even returned to North America , to be cultivated as a commercial cash crop, which it was not previouslyfor the first time.

Read [[:fren:Piante da fiori d'ornamento (Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni)#Helianthus annuus|Targioni-Tozzetti (1853)]], [[Gray & Trumbull, 1883. Review of DeCandolle's Origin of Cultivated Plants. Part 1#Helianthus annuus|Gray & Trumbull (1883)]] and [[Helianthus (Sturtevant, 1919)|Sturtevant (1919)]] articles.

*Anderson , E., 1956. Man as a maker of new plants and new plant communities. ''in'' W.L. Thomas (ed.), ''Man’s role in changing the face of the earth''. Chicago. 763 p.*Bonjean , Alain (éd.), 1986. ''Tournesols de France''. Saint-Jean d'Angély, CST. 189 p.*Bonjean , Alain, 1993. ''Le tournesol''. Paris, Editions de l’Environnement. 242 p.*Brown, Cecil H., 2008. A lack of linguistic evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105''' (30) : E47. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804505105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0804505105] et [https://www.pnas.org/content/105/30/E47 PBAS]. Signale que les noms de lentz sont tous motivés.*Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 139)*Fournier, Paul Victor, 1947-48. ''Le livre des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France''. Paris, Lechevalier. 3 vol., fig. t. 1 : Abricot à Coloquinte. 1947. LXXVIII-448 p; t. 2 : Consoude à Melon. 1948. 504 p; t. 3 : Menthe à Zacinthe. 1948. 636 p. (Encyclopédie biologique, 25, 31, 32).*Harter , Abigail V., ; Gardner , Keith A., ; Falush Daniel, Daniel ; Lentz , David L., ; Bye , Robert A. & Rieseberg , Loren H., 2004. Origin of extant domesticated sunflowers in eastern North America. ''Nature'', '''430''': 201-205.*Heiser , Charles B. Jr., 1976. ''The sunflower''. Norman (Oklahoma), Univ. of Oklahoma Press. 198 p.*Heiser , Charles B. Jr., 1995. Sunflowers. ''in'' Smartt J. & Simmonds N.W. (eds), ''Evolution of crop plants''. 2nd ed., pp. 51-53. (including ''H. tuberosus'')*Heiser , Charles B. Jr., 1998. The domesticated sunflower in Mexico ? ''Genetic Res. Crop Evol''., '''45''' : 447-449.*Heiser , Charles B. Jr., 20082008a. The sunflower ( ''Helianthus annuus '') in Mexico: further evidence for a North American domestication. ''Genetic Res. Crop Evol.''., '''55'''(1): 9-13.*Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 2008b. How old is the sunflower in Mexico? ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105''' (30) : E48. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804588105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0804588105] et [https://www.pnas.org/content/105/30/E48 PNAS].*Lentz , David L., ; Pohl , Mary E.D., ; Alvarado , José L., ; Tarighat , Somayeh & Bye , Robert, 20082008a. Sunflower (''Helianthus annuus '' L.) as a pre-Columbian domesticate in Mexico. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105'''(17): 6232-6237.[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711760105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0711760105] et [https://www.pnas.org/content/105/17/6232.short PNAS].*Lentz, David L. ; Pohl, Mary DeLand & Bye, Robert, 2008b. Reply to Rieseberg and Burke, Heiser, Brown, and Smith: Molecular, linguistic, and archaeological evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105''' (30) : E49-E50. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805347105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0805347105]

*[httphttps://www.feedipedia.org/content/feeds?species=13267 Feedipedia]*[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/sunfl100.html Grieve's herbal]*[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bingringlobal/npgstaxon/html/tax_search.pltaxonomydetail?Helianthus%20annuus id=27923 GRIN]*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Helianthus+annuus%20annuus&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:4645:36248879101505311329164412874601::NO::moduleP7_BOTNAME,mf_useP7_DB_CHECKBOX1,sourceP7_DB_CHECKBOX2,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxidP7_DB_CHECKBOX4:mf,,botnam,0,,Helianthus%20annuus%20Amerindian%20Group,36729 ,, Mansfeld]*[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Helianthus+annuus Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Helianthus.html MMPNDMultilingual Plant Name Database]*[http://herbwww.umdhort.umichpurdue.edu/ Moermannewcrop/nexus/Helianthus_annuus_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]*[http: //www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search with ?q=Helianthus +annuus.Plant List]*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+annuus %20annuus Plants for a Futurefuture]*[http[Helianthus annuus (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]]*[https://wwwinpn.hortmnhn.purdue.edufr/newcropespece/nexuscd_nom/Helianthus_annuus_nex.html Purdue New Crops101027/tab/taxo TAXREF]*[httphttps://www.prota4utela-botanica.org/protav8bdtfx-nn-75161 Tela Botanica]*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.aspphp?h=M4&tid=Helianthus,annuus&p=%20annuus Useful Tropical Plants Database]*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helianthus+annuus Prota4U%20annuus Wikipédia]