Excoecaria agallocha (PROSEA)

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Plant Resources of South-East Asia
Introduction
List of species


Excoecaria agallocha L.

Protologue: Syst. nat., ed. 10, 2: 1288 (1759) & Sp. pl. ed. 2: 1451 (1763).

Synonyms

  • Excoecaria camettia Willd. (1805),
  • Excoecaria affinis Endl. (1833),
  • Stillingia agallocha (L.) Baillon (1858).

Vernacular names

  • Blind-your-eyes, milky mangrove (En)
  • Indonesia: kayu buta-buta (Indonesian), kayu betah (Javanese), menengan (Java, Bali)
  • Malaysia: buta-buta (general), bebuta (Peninsular)
  • Papua New Guinea: sismet (Manus Island), te'eria (Korina, Central Province), su (Madang Province)
  • Philippines: buta-buta (Tagalog, Pilipino), lipata (Bikol, Bisaya, Tagalog)
  • Burma (Myanmar): kayaw taway
  • Thailand: buu-to (peninsular), tatum thale (central)
  • Vietnam: giá, trà mủ

Distribution

Along the coasts of southern India and Sri Lanka to Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, China, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands, Thailand, throughout the Malesian region, northern Australia and the Pacific.

Uses

In the Philippines, the latex is used as a caustic for obstinate ulcers. Oil extracted by distillation of the wood or latex is applied to cutaneous diseases. Chewing a little piece of bark will cause instant vomiting and purging, but is in general considered too drastic a cure for constipation. The roots pounded with ginger may serve as an embrocation to reduce swellings on hands and feet. In Milne Bay, New Guinea, the root is applied as an abortifacient. In the Central Province, very small amounts of the juice are taken orally with coconut juice to treat pneumonia or asthma. It may also be taken as a purgative or vomitory, thereby acting as a poison antidote. A decoction of the leaves is given in epilepsy and externally applied to ulcers. The latex is an adjunct to Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. sap in making dart poison. In Thailand, the resin is used as an anthelmintic, for its purgative effect.

Observations

  • A shrub or tree up to 15(-20) m tall.
  • Leaves spirally arranged, ovate or elliptical, 3-9 cm × 2-5 cm, apex shortly blunt acuminate, margins crenulate-serrate.
  • Inflorescence unisexual, male inflorescence densely spicate, almost catkin-like when young.
  • Fruit a capsule, tricoccous, lobed, about 1 cm in diameter, borne in short racemes.

Common in mangrove forest, tidal thickets and freshwater swamp forest up to 100(-400) m altitude.

Selected sources

  • [31] Airy Shaw, H.K., 1972. The Euphorbiaceae of Siam. Kew Bulletin 26: 191—363.
  • [32] Airy Shaw, H.K., 1975. The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. Kew Bulletin Additional Series IV. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom. 245 pp.
  • [33] Airy Shaw, H.K., 1980. The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin Additional Series VIII. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom. 243 pp.
  • [34] Airy Shaw, H.K., 1981. The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bulletin 36: 239—374.
  • [36] Airy Shaw, H.K., 1983. An alphabetical enumeration of the Euphorbiaceae of the Philippines Islands. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. 56 pp.
  • [74] Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, R.C., 1964—1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Vol. 1 (1964) 647 pp., Vol. 2 (1965) 641 pp., Vol. 3 (1968) 761 pp.
  • [82] Balu, S. & Madhavan, S., 1996. Wound healing property of Excoecaria agallocha L. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19(3): 571—575.
  • [90] Basak, U.C., Das, A.B. & Das, P., 1995. Metabolic changes during rooting in stem cuttings of five mangrove species. Plant Growth Regulation 17(2): 141—148.
  • [128] Brown, W.H., 1951—1957. Useful plants of the Philippines. Reprint of the 1941—1943 edition. 3 volumes. Technical Bulletin 10. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Printing, Manila, the Philippines. Vol. 1 (1951) 590 pp
  • [135] Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol. 1 (A—H) pp. 1—1240, Vol. 2 (I—Z) pp. 1241—2444.
  • [215] Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948—1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
  • [286] Erickson, K.L., Beutler, J.A., Cardellina, J.H., McMahon, J.B., Newman, D.J. & Boyd, M.R., 1995. A novel phorbol ester from Excoecaria agallocha. Journal of Natural Products 58(5): 769—772.
  • [351] Gomez, E.D., de la Cruz, A., Chavez, V.B., Miles, D.H. & Cajipe, G.J.B., 1986. Toxicants from mangrove plants 2: toxicity of aqueous extracts to fish. Philippine Journal of Science 115(2): 81—89.
  • [407] Heyne, K., 1950. De nuttige planten van Indonesië [The useful plants of Indonesia]. 3rd Edition. 2 volumes. W. van Hoeve, 's-Gravenhage, the Netherlands/Bandung, Indonesia. 1660 + CCXLI pp.
  • [418] Holdsworth, D.K., 1977. Medicinal plants of Papua New Guinea. Technical Paper No 175. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 123 pp.
  • [431] Holdsworth, D.K. & Lacanienta, E., 1981. Traditional medicinal plants of the Central Province of Papua New Guinea. Part I. Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research 19(4): 144—154.
  • [450] Hsu, F.L., Lee, Y.Y. & Cheng, J.T., 1994. Antihypertensive activity of 6-O-galloyl-D-glucose, a phenolic glycoside from Sapium sebiferum. Journal of Natural Products 57(2): 308—312.
  • [505] Kane, C.J., Menna, J.H. & Yeh, Y.C., 1988. Methyl gallate, methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, is a potent and highly specific inhibitor of herpes simplex virus in vitro. I. Purification and characterization of methyl gallate from Sapium sebiferum. Bioscience Reports 8(1): 85—94.
  • [509] Karalai, C., Wiriyachitra, P., Opferkuch, H.J. & Hecker, E., 1994. Cryptic and free skin irritants of the daphnane and tigliane types in latex of Excoecaria agallocha. Planta Medica 60(4): 351—355.
  • [554] Konishi, T., Azuma, M., Itoga, R., Kiyosawa, S., Fujiwara, Y. & Shimada, Y., 1996. Three new labdane-type diterpenes from wood, Excoecaria agallocha. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 44(1): 229—231.
  • [555] Konishi, T., Kiyosawa, S., Konoshima, T. & Fujiwara, Y., 1996. Chemical structures of excoecarins A, B and C: Three new labdane-type diterpenes from wood, Excoecaria agallocha. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 44(11): 2100—2102.
  • [654] Matsuda, S., Nakao, Y., Ohigashi, H., Koshimizu, K. & Ito, Y., 1986. Plant-derived diterpene esters enhance HTLV-I-induced colony formation of lymphocytes in co-culture. International Journal of Cancer 38(6): 859—865.
  • [666] Meena Dongare, 1997. Response of stem cuttings of Excoecaria agallocha to fresh water conditions. Advances in Plant Sciences 10(2): 195—198.
  • [769] Padmakumar, K. & Ayyakkannu, K., 1997. Antiviral activity of marine plants. Indian Journal of Virology 13(1): 33—36.
  • [786] Perry, L.M., 1980. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia. Attributed properties and uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States & London, United Kingdom. 620 pp.
  • [788] Pételot, A., 1952—1954. Les plantes médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [The medicinal plants of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam]. 4 volumes. Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques, Saigon, Vietnam.
  • [828] Rao, C.S., Eganathan, P., Anand, A., Balakrishna, P. & Reddy, T.P., 1998. Protocol for in vitro propagation of Excoecaria agallocha L., a medicinally important mangrove species. Plant Cell Reports 17(11): 861—865.
  • [915] Sil, H., Krishna, Ray & Kaviraj, A., 1995. Nutritive values of leaf and leaf litters of two mangroves of the sundarbans for prawn and fish culture. National Academy Science Letters 18(1—2): 43—46.
  • [1008] Tomlinson, P.B., 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, New York, United States & Melbourne Australia. 413 pp.

Main genus page

Authors

  • J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg
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