Trapa natans : Différence entre versions
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{{Page espèce (plante à graines) | {{Page espèce (plante à graines) | ||
− | |image = | + | |image = Garden lilypads.jpg |
|légende = | |légende = | ||
− | |auteur = | + | |auteur = L. |
|ordre = Myrtales | |ordre = Myrtales | ||
|famille = Lythraceae | |famille = Lythraceae | ||
|genre = Trapa | |genre = Trapa | ||
− | |nb chromosomes = 2n = | + | |nb chromosomes = 2n = 48, 96 |
− | |origine = | + | |origine = Eurasie, Afrique |
|statut = sauvage ou cultivé | |statut = sauvage ou cultivé | ||
− | | | + | |français = '''mâcre''' |
− | |anglais = '''''' | + | |anglais = '''water chestnut''' |
+ | }}{{Encadré | ||
+ | |color=lightgreen | ||
+ | |titre=Résumé des usages | ||
+ | |texte=*fruit féculent comestible | ||
+ | *ornemental | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
+ | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
+ | File:Trapa natans kz6.JPG|plante en automne | ||
+ | File:Trapa natans Prague 2012 2.jpg|feuilles à pétiole renflé | ||
+ | File:Trapa natans kz01.jpg|fleur | ||
+ | File:Trapa Natans Fruit.JPG|fruit européen | ||
+ | File:Singhara.jpg|fruits indiens | ||
+ | File:Trapa bicornis 1.jpg|fruits chinois | ||
+ | File:Trapa japonica nuts in Oyori, Kanzaki.jpg|fruits japonais ("''T. japonica''") | ||
+ | </gallery> | ||
== Noms populaires == | == Noms populaires == | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | ||
− | + | | français | |
+ | | mâcre, châtaigne d’eau ; truffe, truffe d’eau, macre, cornouelle, châtaigne d’eau, écharbot | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | anglais | ||
+ | | water chestnut, water caltrop, Singhara nut, jesuit’s nut ; shingara nut (''bispinosa'') | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | allemand | ||
+ | | Wassernuss ; Shingaranuss (''bispinosa'') | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | néerlandais | ||
+ | | waternoot | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | italien | ||
+ | | castagna d'acqua | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | espagnol | ||
+ | | castaña de agua | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | portugais | ||
+ | | castanha da Índia (''bispinosa'') | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | polonais | ||
+ | | kotewka orzech wodny | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | russe | ||
+ | | водяной орехплавающий - vodjanoj orexplavajuščij, рогульник - roguljnik, чилим - čilim, чертов орех - čertov orex | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | chinois | ||
+ | | 欧菱 - ou ling (Flora of China) ; wū líng, líng (''bicornis'') ; ling chiao, shui-li ; ling gok (cantonais) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | japonais | ||
+ | | oni-bisi (''natans'') ; komori-bisi, to-bisi (''bicornis'') ; akami-bisi (''bispinosa'') | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | sanscrit | ||
+ | | srngātaka ; trikonaphalam, jalaphala (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | hindi | ||
+ | | b) सिंघाडा - siṅghāḍā (Wealth of India) ; पानीफल - pānī-phal'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ourdou | ||
+ | | سنگھارا - siṅghāḍā | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | bengali | ||
+ | | paniphal (Wealth of India) ; সিঙ্গারা - shingara, পানিফল - paniphol | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | marathi | ||
+ | | singhārā (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | gujerati | ||
+ | | singhārā (Wealth of India) ; શિંગોડા - śiṅgoḍā | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | telugu | ||
+ | | kubyakama (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | tamoul | ||
+ | | singhārā (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kannada | ||
+ | | singhārā (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | malayalam | ||
+ | | karimpolam (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | assamais | ||
+ | | শিঙৰি - xiŋori | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Cachemire | ||
+ | | gaar, gaunri, singara (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Punjab | ||
+ | | singara (Wealth of India) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Indonésie | ||
+ | | lengkat, lengkong, salaikat (Jakarta, Java) (PROSEA) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Thaïlande | ||
+ | | kra chap (central), khao khwaai (nord), ma ngaeng (Chiang Rai) (PROSEA) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Vietnam | ||
+ | | củ ấu, ấu nước (PROSEA) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Cambodge | ||
+ | | krachap (PROSEA) | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | *Voir les noms de la [[Trapa (Rolland, Flore populaire)|''Flore populaire'' d'Eugène Rolland]] | ||
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
+ | ''Trapa natans'' L. (1753) | ||
+ | |||
+ | La classification des ''Trapa'' est extrêmement confuse. Nous suivons ici celle de Roxburgh, qui distingue trois types de fruits. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === var. ''natans'' === | ||
+ | |||
+ | C'est la mâcre européenne, à 4 pointes. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === var. ''bicornis'' === | ||
+ | var. ''bicornis'' (Osbeck) Makino | ||
+ | |||
+ | synonymes : | ||
+ | *''Trapa bicornis'' Osbeck (1757) | ||
+ | |||
+ | C’est la châtaigne d’eau chinoise, wū líng, qui a seulement 2 cornes, mais celles-ci sont trapues, longues et recourbées comme les cornes d’un buffle. Elle est cultivée dans le sud de la Chine, ainsi qu’en Inde et à Java. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === var. ''bispinosa'' === | ||
+ | var. ''bispinosa'' (Roxb.) Makino (1907) | ||
+ | |||
+ | synonymes : | ||
+ | *''Trapa bicornis'' Osbeck var. ''bispinosa'' (Roxb.) Nakano | ||
+ | *''Trapa bispinosa'' Roxb. (1815) | ||
+ | |||
+ | C’est le singhārā de l’Inde, à fruit trapu, aussi long que large, avec 2 pointes droites, pointues et épineuses. Il est cultivé en Inde (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar et Orissa, Cachemire) et au Sri Lanka, dans des réservoirs d’eau, des mares et des bassins piscicoles. | ||
== Cultivars == | == Cultivars == | ||
== Histoire == | == Histoire == | ||
+ | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
+ | File:Illustration Trapa natans1.jpg|Thomé, 1885, ''Flora von Deutschland'' | ||
+ | File:Spp Sturm44.jpg|Sturm, 1796. ''Deutschlands Flora'' | ||
+ | </gallery> | ||
== Usages == | == Usages == | ||
+ | {{Citation encadré | ||
+ | |texte= It was probably domesticated in the Far East some 5.000-6.000 years ago. However, multiple domestication cannot be excluded. In former centuries much cultivated for the fruits in Europe to E Asia and India. Currently it is only a relic culture in Mediterranean countries and in China. Extremely polymorphous according to leaf and fruit characters and sometimes split into approximately 40 taxa at species and/or subspecific level with very narrow distribution areas. | ||
+ | |auteur =Mansfeld. | ||
+ | }} | ||
== Références == | == Références == | ||
+ | *Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 427) | ||
+ | *Couderc, Jean-Mary, 2010. La châtaigne d'eau (''Trapa natans''). ''Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Touraine'', '''23''' : 153-169. | ||
+ | *Mikulyuk, Alison & Nault, Michelle E., 2009. ''Water Chestnut (''Trapa natans''). A Technical Review of Distribution, Ecology, Impacts, and Management''. Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Science Services. [https://dnr.wi.gov/files/pdf/pubs/ss/ss1054.pdf pdf] | ||
+ | *Nakano, Harufusa, 1964. Further Studies on Trapa from Japan and its Adjacent Countries. ''Bot. Mag. Tokyo'' '''77''' : 159-167. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/24ad/dc373b580be4d9e42c3c6e962a143d8ee1a9.pdf pdf] | ||
+ | *Takano, A, & Kadono, Y. 2005. Allozyme variations and classification of ''Trapa'' (''Trapaceae'') in Japan. ''Aquatic Bot.'', '''83''' : 108-118. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.05.008 doi : 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.05.008], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248197533_Allozyme_variations_and_classification_of_Trapa_Trapaceae_in_Japan ResearchGate] | ||
== Liens == | == Liens == | ||
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Trapa%20natans&SearchCat= BHL] | *[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Trapa%20natans&SearchCat= BHL] | ||
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropFindForm FAO Ecocrop] | *[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropFindForm FAO Ecocrop] | ||
− | *[http://www. | + | *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220013668 Flora of China] |
− | *[ | + | *[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=36824 GRIN] |
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Trapa%20natans&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI] | *[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Trapa%20natans&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI] | ||
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Trapa%20natans,,, Mansfeld] | *[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Trapa%20natans,,, Mansfeld] | ||
− | |||
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Trapa.html Multilingual Plant Name Database] | *[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Trapa.html Multilingual Plant Name Database] | ||
− | *[ | + | *[https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/WaterChestnut.html NewCrop Purdue] |
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Trapa+natans Plant List] | *[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Trapa+natans Plant List] | ||
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trapa%20natans Plants for a future] | *[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trapa%20natans Plants for a future] | ||
− | *[http:// | + | *[http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:614405-1 Plants of the World Online] |
+ | *[https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/127081/tab/taxo TAXREF] | ||
+ | *[[:en:Trapa natans (PROSEA)|PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]] | ||
*[[Trapa natans (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]] | *[[Trapa natans (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]] | ||
− | *[ | + | *[https://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-68820 Tela Botanica] |
− | + | ||
*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Trapa%20natans Useful Tropical Plants Database] | *[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Trapa%20natans Useful Tropical Plants Database] | ||
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapa%20natans Wikipédia] | *[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapa%20natans Wikipédia] | ||
− | *[http://www. | + | *[http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000458183 World Flora Online] |
+ | |||
[[Category:Trapa]] | [[Category:Trapa]] |
Version actuelle en date du 6 mai 2021 à 22:14
Trapa natans L.
Ordre | Myrtales |
---|---|
Famille | Lythraceae |
Genre | Trapa |
2n = 48, 96
Origine : Eurasie, Afrique
sauvage ou cultivé
Français | mâcre |
---|---|
Anglais | water chestnut |
- fruit féculent comestible
- ornemental
Sommaire
Description
Noms populaires
français | mâcre, châtaigne d’eau ; truffe, truffe d’eau, macre, cornouelle, châtaigne d’eau, écharbot |
anglais | water chestnut, water caltrop, Singhara nut, jesuit’s nut ; shingara nut (bispinosa) |
allemand | Wassernuss ; Shingaranuss (bispinosa) |
néerlandais | waternoot |
italien | castagna d'acqua |
espagnol | castaña de agua |
portugais | castanha da Índia (bispinosa) |
polonais | kotewka orzech wodny |
russe | водяной орехплавающий - vodjanoj orexplavajuščij, рогульник - roguljnik, чилим - čilim, чертов орех - čertov orex |
chinois | 欧菱 - ou ling (Flora of China) ; wū líng, líng (bicornis) ; ling chiao, shui-li ; ling gok (cantonais) |
japonais | oni-bisi (natans) ; komori-bisi, to-bisi (bicornis) ; akami-bisi (bispinosa) |
sanscrit | srngātaka ; trikonaphalam, jalaphala (Wealth of India) |
hindi | b) सिंघाडा - siṅghāḍā (Wealth of India) ; पानीफल - pānī-phal |
ourdou | سنگھارا - siṅghāḍā |
bengali | paniphal (Wealth of India) ; সিঙ্গারা - shingara, পানিফল - paniphol |
marathi | singhārā (Wealth of India) |
gujerati | singhārā (Wealth of India) ; શિંગોડા - śiṅgoḍā |
telugu | kubyakama (Wealth of India) |
tamoul | singhārā (Wealth of India) |
kannada | singhārā (Wealth of India) |
malayalam | karimpolam (Wealth of India) |
assamais | শিঙৰি - xiŋori |
Cachemire | gaar, gaunri, singara (Wealth of India) |
Punjab | singara (Wealth of India) |
Indonésie | lengkat, lengkong, salaikat (Jakarta, Java) (PROSEA) |
Thaïlande | kra chap (central), khao khwaai (nord), ma ngaeng (Chiang Rai) (PROSEA) |
Vietnam | củ ấu, ấu nước (PROSEA) |
Cambodge | krachap (PROSEA) |
- Voir les noms de la Flore populaire d'Eugène Rolland
Classification
Trapa natans L. (1753)
La classification des Trapa est extrêmement confuse. Nous suivons ici celle de Roxburgh, qui distingue trois types de fruits.
var. natans
C'est la mâcre européenne, à 4 pointes.
var. bicornis
var. bicornis (Osbeck) Makino
synonymes :
- Trapa bicornis Osbeck (1757)
C’est la châtaigne d’eau chinoise, wū líng, qui a seulement 2 cornes, mais celles-ci sont trapues, longues et recourbées comme les cornes d’un buffle. Elle est cultivée dans le sud de la Chine, ainsi qu’en Inde et à Java.
var. bispinosa
var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino (1907)
synonymes :
- Trapa bicornis Osbeck var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Nakano
- Trapa bispinosa Roxb. (1815)
C’est le singhārā de l’Inde, à fruit trapu, aussi long que large, avec 2 pointes droites, pointues et épineuses. Il est cultivé en Inde (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar et Orissa, Cachemire) et au Sri Lanka, dans des réservoirs d’eau, des mares et des bassins piscicoles.
Cultivars
Histoire
Usages
It was probably domesticated in the Far East some 5.000-6.000 years ago. However, multiple domestication cannot be excluded. In former centuries much cultivated for the fruits in Europe to E Asia and India. Currently it is only a relic culture in Mediterranean countries and in China. Extremely polymorphous according to leaf and fruit characters and sometimes split into approximately 40 taxa at species and/or subspecific level with very narrow distribution areas.
Références
- Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 427)
- Couderc, Jean-Mary, 2010. La châtaigne d'eau (Trapa natans). Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Touraine, 23 : 153-169.
- Mikulyuk, Alison & Nault, Michelle E., 2009. Water Chestnut (Trapa natans). A Technical Review of Distribution, Ecology, Impacts, and Management. Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Science Services. pdf
- Nakano, Harufusa, 1964. Further Studies on Trapa from Japan and its Adjacent Countries. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 77 : 159-167. pdf
- Takano, A, & Kadono, Y. 2005. Allozyme variations and classification of Trapa (Trapaceae) in Japan. Aquatic Bot., 83 : 108-118. doi : 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.05.008, ResearchGate