Changes

*General: sepetir.

* ''S. inermis'' : *Philippines: kayu-galu (Magindanao), nito-nitong puti (Bikol), sinsud (Sulu).

* ''S. sumatrana'' : *Indonesia: sindur, tampar hantu (Palembang, Sumatra).

* ''S. supa'' : *Philippines: supa (Bikol, Tagalog), baloyong (Batangas), manapo (Tayabas).

* ''S. velutina'' : *Indonesia: sindur, kaparantu (Sumatra), kayu bulan (East Kalimantan)

''Sindora'' yields an important timber (sepetir) of which the sometimes attractively figured wood is highly appreciated. It is particularly used for bowling alleys. The aril of the seed of ''S. siamensis'' Teijsm. ex Miq. is sometimes used as a substitute for betel ( ''Areca catechu'' L.). The fruits of ''S. sumatrana'' are widely used in local medicine against fever, serious bleeding in the uterus and scalp eczema. The pods of other species are used in compound traditional medicines, particularly in connection with childbirth.

''Sindora'' wood-oil from Malaysia has a clear light brown colour, a pleasant smell, and a gummy consistency. The specific gravity is 0.9657 and the optical rotation at 29°C is +27.8°. Distillation with steam gives 65% colourless essential oil with an optical rotation of -6.5°. Wood-oil from ''S. supa'' from the Philippines is a light yellow, non-drying, transparent oil and has a specific gravity of 0.9202 and optical rotation of -31.3°. It consists mainly of sesquiterpenes and is soluble in organic solvents except alcohol. ''Sindora'' wood-oil originating from Pontianak (West Kalimantan) is pale brown with a specific gravity of 0.9550, a refractive index of 1.5119, and an optical rotation of -25.0°. The wood-oil yields 53% essential oil after steam distillation with the following physical properties: specific gravity 0.9142, refractive index 1.4958, and optical rotation -10.4°. The wood-oil of ''S. velutina'' has been analysed. After distillation the oil had the following physical properties: specific gravity 0.946 and boiling range 250-280°C. This oil consists of sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons with three major compounds, namelyαnamely α-copaene (41.3%),β-cubebene (15.4%) andβand β-cadinene (7.2%). The fruits of ''S. sumatrana'' yield an essential oil which almost exclusively contains sesquiterpene oxides and sesquiterpene alcohols.

The density of the wood of the species yielding wood-oil is 530-830 kg/m³at 15% moisture content.

*Usually medium-sized but sometimes large, briefly deciduous trees, 20-35(-46) m tall with cylindrical bole having a diameter of up to 100(-180) cm, non-buttressed or flaring out at base or with steep thick buttresses; bark smooth, thin and brittle, rugulose with distant, prominent lenticels, dark purplish-grey and often flecked with green, brown or yellow. *Leaves alternate, paripinnate, 2-10-jugate; leaflets opposite, shortly stalked, usually firmly leathery, often reticulately veined on both surfaces and slightly asymmetrical, the midrib on the lower surface often ending in a gland. *Inflorescence made up of solitary or gregarious panicles, often velvety pubescent; flowers .*Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, sessile or shortly pedicelled; calyx with a short tube, tawny velvety pubescent, and 4 lobes, usually unequal in size, with or sometimes without spinescent outgrowths; petal 1, fleshy in the lower half, with an indistinct, yellow or red claw; stamens (9-)10, 9 fused in hirsute sheath, the uppermost one free and reduced to a short staminode; usually 2 stamens are better developed than the others; ovary with a short, free stipe, with 2-5(-more)-ovules, flat, hirsute at least along the suture, style recurved, stigma small. *Fruit a flat pod, circular to oblong, dehiscent with 2 valves, smooth but more often set with hollow spines. *Seeds 1-2, flat, hard and stony, black on top of a red or yellow aril about as large as the seed. *Seedling with epigeal germination; hypocotyl elongate; first two leaves alternate, leaflets larger and thinner than those of mature trees.

* ''S. sumatranainermis'' . *Tree, medium-sized up to large30 m tall, bole 75-95 cm in diameter.*Leaves often 32-4-jugate; petiole up to 3 2-4 cm long, rachis up to 9.5 8-15 cm long; leaflets elliptical to ovate or obovate-oblong, 6-12 13 cm × 24-6 7 cm.*Inflorescence 10-15 cm long with brown, glabrousflowers. Infructescence paniculate, up to 13 cm long; fruit flattened globose to *Fruit broadly ellipsoidal, up to 4 7 cm long, with many short but stout spines with a swollen base and abundant resin. Seed subglobose, flattened, about 1 × 5 cm in diameter, blackunarmed, aril irregular. No information is available on the flowersglabrous.

* ''S. velutinasumatrana'' . *Tree, 15medium-50 m tall, 20-95 cm in diameter, densely rusty pubescent on twigs and leaf undersidessized to large. *Leaves often 3-7-jugate; petiole 2-5 up to 3 cm long, rachis up to 9.5-20 cm long; leaflets ovate to ellipticalto obovate-oblong, 36-14 12 cm × 1.52-7 6 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence *Infructescence paniculate, up to 20 13 cm long; calyx lobes 11-13 mm long; petal lanceolatefruit flattened globose to broadly ellipsoidal, 10-12 mm long, woolly outside; 2 perfect stamens with 3-up to 4 mm cm long anthers, other anthers much smaller. Fruit ovoid, 6-15 cm × 5-8 cm, with sharp many short but stout spines 4 mm longwith a swollen base and abundant resin. *Seed irregularsubglobose, flattened ovoid, about 1.5-2 cm long and widein diameter, purple-black, aril irregular.*No information is available on the flowers.

''Sindora'' is a well-defined genus and rather easy to recognize by its pubescent flowers with a single fleshy petal, its peculiar pods and arillate seeds. It belongs to the subfamily ''Caesalpinioideae'' and the tribe ''Detarieae'' .

'''== Management''' == In logged-over forest the regeneration of ''Sindora'' is often abundant. Usually the number of seedlings is larger than in undisturbed forest. From Peninsular Malaysia an average of one large tree (over 60 cm in diameter) per 5 ha of undisturbed forest has been reported, although locally ''Sindora'' is more common: up to one large tree per 2 ha.

Most ''Sindora'' species are uncommon and occur scattered. Large-scale exploitation of forest, as practised in many locations, puts these species at risk of extinction. Proper and sustainable management of the forest should guarantee survival of its component trees, including ''Sindora'' .