Difference between revisions of "Helianthus annuus"

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|author = L.
 
|author = L.
 
|order = Asterales
 
|order = Asterales
−
|family = Compositae
+
|family = Asteraceae
 
|genus = Helianthus
 
|genus = Helianthus
 
|nb chromosomes = 2n = 34
 
|nb chromosomes = 2n = 34
 
|origin = United States and Mexico
 
|origin = United States and Mexico
 
|status = wild and cultivated
 
|status = wild and cultivated
 +
|english = '''sunflower'''
 +
|french = '''tournesol'''
 +
}}{{Box
 +
|color=lightgreen
 +
|title=Summary of uses
 +
|text=
 +
* edible seed oil
 +
* fruit or kernels eaten as a snack
 +
* young flower heads can be eaten boiled like artichokes
 +
* many ornamental forms, with flowers of various colors
 +
* stalk pith is used as a lightweight insulating material
 
}}
 
}}
  
−
== Popular names ==
+
== Description ==
−
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
+
<gallery mode="packed">
−
*English: sunflower
+
File:Tournesol hors-norme Luxé.jpg| Branched sunflower with small flower heads, in the middle of a sunflower field (Luxé, Charente)
−
*French: tournesol
+
File:Helianthus annuus leaf2 - Flickr - Macleay Grass Man.jpg|leaves
 +
File:Bud of sunflower.jpg|young flower bud
 +
File:Auringonkukan nuppu 2.jpg|flower head
 +
File:Helianthus - annuus - 04.jpg|marture flower head
 +
File:Sunflower seed whole and kernel.jpg|fruit and seed
 +
</gallery>
  
−
see more [[Helianthus annuus (Common names)|European names]]
+
* erect and branched herbaceous plant in the wild, single-stemmed in cultivated forms.
 +
* entire leaves, alternate, rough to the touch
 +
* radiate flower head, with numerous tubular flowers in the center and bright yellow ligulate flowers
  
−
|}
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A striking feature of sunflowers is that all flowering heads seem to point eastwards. Before flower opening, the young plant is facing the East in the early morning, and follows the sun during the day. At night, it comes back to its original position. But when flowers open, they stop eastwards.
  
−
== Biology ==
+
F1 hybrids are usually grown, among which all individuals are of the same height, with a single large flower head. The presence of isolated, taller, branched individuals with small flower heads shows that the seed lot contains impurities. If these individuals are numerous, this means that the farmer used his own seeds, and that we are, thus, cultivating the heterogeneous F2 generation.
−
A striking feature of sunflowers is that all flowering heads seem to look eastwards. The young plant, before flower opening, looks eastwards in the early morning, and follows the sun during the day. At night, it comes back to its original position. But when flowers open, they stop eastwards.
+
 
 +
== Popular names ==
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
 +
| English
 +
| sunflower
 +
|-
 +
| French
 +
| tournesol, soleil
 +
|-
 +
| German
 +
| Sonnenblume
 +
|-
 +
| Dutch
 +
| zonnebloem
 +
|-
 +
| Italian
 +
| girasole
 +
|-
 +
| Spanish
 +
| girasol ; chimalate, acahual (Mexique)
 +
|-
 +
| Catalan
 +
| gira-sol
 +
|-
 +
| Portuguese
 +
| girassol
 +
|-
 +
| Polish
 +
| słonecznik
 +
|-
 +
| Russian
 +
| подсолнечник - podsolnečnik, подсолнух - podsolnuh
 +
|}
 +
*European names are borrowed to the italian name '''girasole'''.
 +
*See all [[Helianthus annuus (Common names)|European names]]
  
 
== Classification ==
 
== Classification ==
−
*subsp. ''lenticularis'' (Dougl.) Cockerell (1914) is the wild form from western North America. It has many branches with small heads.
+
*subsp. ''lenticularis'' (Dougl.) Cockerell (1914) is the wild form from North western America. It has many branches with small flower heads.
−
*subsp. ''annuus'' var. ''annuus'' is a weedy form from eastern North America.
+
*subsp. ''annuus'' var. ''annuus'' is an adventitious form from North East America.
−
*subsp. ''annuus'' var. ''macrocarpus'' (DC). Cockerell (1914) includes cultivated forms, which have only one stem and a terminal big head.
+
*subsp. ''annuus'' var. ''macrocarpus'' (DC). Cockerell (1914) includes cultivated forms, which have only one stem and a big terminal flower head.
  
 
== Cultivars ==
 
== Cultivars ==
−
*Cultivars used for their seeds eaten as snacks have usually big heads and big akenes striped with brown and white.
+
<gallery mode=packed>
−
*Cultivars grown for the extraction of oil have small heads and small black akenes.
+
File:Sonnenblume 1.jpg|ornamental cv.
−
**Usual oil sunflower cultivars give an oil with 24% oleic acid and 65% linoleic acid.
+
File:Helianthus annuus (cultivar) 02.jpg|cv. ‘Teddy Bear’
−
**High oleic cultivars give an oil with 50% to 90% oleic acid. They must be grown in isolation from usual cultivars (more than 500 m apart) because pollen contamination would cause a lower oleic acid content.
+
</gallery>
 +
*Cultivars of which seeds are eaten as snacks usually have large flower heads and big brown and white striped kernels used for their seeds eaten as snacks have usually big heads and big brown and white-striped achenes.
 +
*Cultivars grown for oil extraction have average flower heads and small black achenes.
 +
**Usual oil producing sunflower cultivars give an oil with 24% oleic acid and 65% linoleic acid.
 +
**High oleic cultivars give an oil with 50% to 90% oleic acid. They must be grown separated from usual cultivars (more than 500 m apart) because pollen contamination would cause a decrease of the oleic acid content.
 
*Ornamental cultivars show flowers with diverse colors, or double flowers. Many cultivars are interspecific hybrids.
 
*Ornamental cultivars show flowers with diverse colors, or double flowers. Many cultivars are interspecific hybrids.
  
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
 
=== Domestication in North America ===
 
=== Domestication in North America ===
−
Sunflower has been domesticated by Amerindians. They used the seeds either roasted or crushed into a paste. This paste had a cosmetic use, or was mixed with maize flour into cakes. But oil was not extracted.
+
Sunflowers were domesticated by Native Americans in the Northeastern United States. These consumed fried or pounded seed, turning them into a paste. This paste had a cosmetic use, or was mixed with corn flour to make cakes. But they didn't extract the oil.
  
−
The plant was grown as individual plants near or in maize fields. Cultivars with high stem and big heads were selected.
+
The plant was cultivated as isolated individuals in or near cornfields. Cultivars with tall stems and large flower heads were selected.
 +
 
 +
According to Lentz '' et al. '' (2008a), the sunflower was also domesticated independently in Mexico. This is disputed by Brown (2008) and Heiser (2008b), to whom Lentz '' et al. '' (2008b) respond. Brown points out that the Mexican names for the sunflower are all motivated, indicating a relatively recent origin. Heiser adds that there is no convincing mention of the plant in Hernández and Sahagún.
 +
*See [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/buffalo/garden/garden.html#III Sunflowers] in ''Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden Recounted by Maxi'diwiac (Buffalo Bird Woman) of the Hidatsa Indian Tribe'' (ca.1839-1932), edited by Gilbert Livingstone Wilson (1868-1930). Originally published as "''Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation''" by Gilbert Livingstone Wilson, Ph.D. (1868-1930) Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota (Studies in the Social Sciences, #9), 1917. Ph. D. Thesis. Fascinating first hand relation.
  
 
=== Introduction to Europe in the 16th century ===
 
=== Introduction to Europe in the 16th century ===
Line 47: Line 106:
 
File:Chrysanth. perunianum 307 Dodoens Florum 1569.png|Chrysanth. perunianum ([[:fr:Dodoens, images du Florum et coronariarum|Dodoens 1569]])
 
File:Chrysanth. perunianum 307 Dodoens Florum 1569.png|Chrysanth. perunianum ([[:fr:Dodoens, images du Florum et coronariarum|Dodoens 1569]])
 
File:Chrysanthemum peruvianum 264 Dodoens 1583.png|Chrysanthemum peruvianum ([[:fr:Dodoens, images du Pemptades, 1583|Dodoens 1583]])
 
File:Chrysanthemum peruvianum 264 Dodoens 1583.png|Chrysanthemum peruvianum ([[:fr:Dodoens, images du Pemptades, 1583|Dodoens 1583]])
 +
Herbe du soleil Duret 1605.png|Portraict de l'Herbe du Soleil de Monardes, p. 253. Claude Duret, 1605. ''Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmerueillables''
 +
Petit soleil Duret 1605.png|Portraict de la fleur du Soleil petite, selon Lobelius, p. 254. Claude Duret, 1605. ''Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmerueillables''
 +
File:Besler001.jpg|Besler, 1616, ''Hortus Eystettensis'', Flos solis maior
 +
File:Gc4 helianthus annuus.jpg|Hans-Simon Holtzbecker, 1649-1659, ''Gottorfer Codex''
 +
File:Helianthus annuus00.jpg|Nicolas Robert, 1666-85
 +
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 128.jpg|van Gogh, 1888
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
−
Dodoens's illustrations from the same wood engraving. It represents a cultivated type with only one big head. Leaves are drawn as alternate, although they are in fact opposite decussate.
+
Dodoens's illustrations are from the same wood engraving. They represent a cultivated type with a single large flower head. Leaves are drawn as alternate, although they are in fact opposite decussate.
  
−
During centuries, sunflower was grown as an ornamental. Targioni-Tozzetti mentions it as an ornamental, and Candolle omits it because he did not deal with ornamentals.
+
During centuries, sunflower was grown as an ornamental plant. Targioni-Tozzetti mentions it in his chapter about ornamental plants, and Candolle omits it because he did not deal with ornamentals.
  
−
The use as poultry feed may have begun then, and is still practiced up to now (as entire heads).
+
Its use as chicken food may have begun then, and is still practiced up to now (as entire heads).
 +
Sunflower has been one of the most important temperate oilseeds in Europe since the 1970s. Varieties rich in oleic acid ("Oleisol") are also grown.
  
 
=== Adoption as an oil crop in Russia ===
 
=== Adoption as an oil crop in Russia ===
−
This change is largely due to the Orthodox Church ! There were then long periods of fast, during Lent and Christmas. A long list of prohibited oil-rich foods was compiled in the 18th century, but sunflower oil was not on the list, as it was new and unknown. Farmers began growing the plant in Ukraine and Kuban, and the first crushing factories were created in 1830.
+
This transition is mainly due to the Orthodox Church. The latter indeed imposed long periods of leanness, during Lent and for Christmas. A long list of prohibited oil-rich foods was compiled in the 18th century, but sunflower was not on the list because as a newcomer, it was still largely unknown. Peasants began to cultivate the plant in Ukraine and in Kuban, and the first crushing factories were established in 1830.
  
−
In the first half of the 20th century, Russian breeders improved the oil content, and choosed a cultivar-type with small stem and medium-sized head. Russian cultivars began spreading to western Europe. It is said that Hitler invaded the Soviet Union partly to have access to sunflower oil, because Germany eagerly needed cooking oil.
+
During the first half of the 20th century, Russian breeders improved the oil content, and chosed a type of cultivars with small stems and medium flower heads. Russian cultivars then spread to Western Europe. Hitler allegedly invaded the Soviet Union in order to gain access to sunflower oil, among other things, as Germany was in dire need of cooking oil.
  
 
=== Discovery of a male-sterility character in France ===
 
=== Discovery of a male-sterility character in France ===
−
In the second half of the 20th century, Europe (and particularly France) began investing in research in "metropolitan" oil crops, as it could no longer rely on tropical oils. In 1969, at the Clermont-Ferrand INRA research station, the French Patrice Leclercq discovered a cytoplasmic male-sterility character by crossing a sunflower with ''[[Helianthus petiolaris]]'' Nuttall. This was the key event allowing an easy production of F1 hybrid seeds. This character is now used worldwide, and the world crop of sunflower has doubled. It has also come back to North America as a commercial crop, which it was not previously.
+
In the second half of the twentieth century, Europe (and France in particular) began to invest in the research of "metropolitan" oilseeds, because it could no longer count on colonial oils. In 1969, at the INRA research station in Clermont-Ferrand, the French scientist Patrice Leclercq discovered a cytoplasmic male sterility trait by hybridizing a sunflower with ''[[Helianthus petiolaris]]'' Nuttall. This event allowed an easy production of F1 hybrid seeds. This trait is now used all over the world, and global sunflower production has doubled since. Sunflowers has even come back to North America, to be cultivated as a cash crop for the first time.
  
 
Read [[:fr:Piante da fiori d'ornamento (Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni)#Helianthus annuus|Targioni-Tozzetti (1853)]], [[Gray & Trumbull, 1883. Review of DeCandolle's Origin of Cultivated Plants. Part 1#Helianthus annuus|Gray & Trumbull (1883)]] and [[Helianthus (Sturtevant, 1919)|Sturtevant (1919)]] articles.
 
Read [[:fr:Piante da fiori d'ornamento (Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni)#Helianthus annuus|Targioni-Tozzetti (1853)]], [[Gray & Trumbull, 1883. Review of DeCandolle's Origin of Cultivated Plants. Part 1#Helianthus annuus|Gray & Trumbull (1883)]] and [[Helianthus (Sturtevant, 1919)|Sturtevant (1919)]] articles.
  
 
== Uses ==
 
== Uses ==
 +
De la moelle [des tiges], plus légère que le liège, on confectionne des ceintures de sauvetage ert de natation, des bouées, parfois (en Chine) du papier, des poupées, etc. (Fournier, 1948).
 +
(From the pith [of the stems], which is lighter than cork, we make life belts and swimming, buoys, sometimes (in China) paper, dolls, etc. )
 +
 +
Nowadays, the pith is tested as an insulating material in construction (Magniont, 2010)
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
−
*Anderson E., 1956. Man as a maker of new plants and new plant communities. ''in'' W.L. Thomas (ed.), ''Man’s role in changing the face of the earth''. Chicago. 763 p.
+
*Anderson, E., 1956. Man as a maker of new plants and new plant communities. ''in'' W.L. Thomas (ed.), ''Man’s role in changing the face of the earth''. Chicago. 763 p.
−
*Bonjean Alain (éd.), 1986. ''Tournesols de France''. Saint-Jean d'Angély, CST. 189 p.
+
*Bonjean, Alain (éd.), 1986. ''Tournesols de France''. Saint-Jean d'Angély, CST. 189 p.
−
*Bonjean Alain, 1993. ''Le tournesol''. Paris, Editions de l’Environnement. 242 p.
+
*Bonjean, Alain, 1993. ''Le tournesol''. Paris, Editions de l’Environnement. 242 p.
−
*Harter Abigail V., Gardner Keith A., Falush Daniel, Lentz David L., Bye Robert A. & Rieseberg Loren H., 2004. Origin of extant domesticated sunflowers in eastern North America. ''Nature'', '''430''': 201-205.
+
*Brown, Cecil H., 2008. A lack of linguistic evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105''' (30) : E47. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804505105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0804505105] et [https://www.pnas.org/content/105/30/E47 PBAS]. Says that Lentz's names are all motivated.
−
*Heiser Charles B. Jr., 1976. ''The sunflower''. Norman (Oklahoma), Univ. of Oklahoma Press. 198 p.
+
*Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[:fr:Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires|Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 139)
−
*Heiser Charles B. Jr., 1995. Sunflowers. ''in'' Smartt J. & Simmonds N.W. (eds), ''Evolution of crop plants''. 2nd ed., pp. 51-53. (including ''H. tuberosus'')
+
*Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. ''Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages.'' Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. [[:fr:S (Recueil de Dambourney)#SOLEIL|See on Pl@ntUse]]
−
*Heiser Charles B. Jr., 1998. The domesticated sunflower in Mexico ? ''Genetic Res. Crop Evol''., '''45''' : 447-449.
+
*Fournier, Paul Victor, 1947-48. ''Le livre des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France''. Paris, Lechevalier. 3 vol., fig. t. 1 : Abricot à Coloquinte. 1947. LXXVIII-448 p; t. 2 : Consoude à Melon. 1948. 504 p; t. 3 : Menthe à Zacinthe. 1948. 636 p. (Encyclopédie biologique, 25, 31, 32).
−
*Heiser Charles B. Jr., 2008. The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) in Mexico: further evidence for a North American domestication. ''Genetic Res. Crop Evol''., '''55'''(1): 9-13.
+
*Harter, Abigail V. ; Gardner, Keith A. ; Falush, Daniel ; Lentz, David L. ; Bye, Robert A. & Rieseberg, Loren H., 2004. Origin of extant domesticated sunflowers in eastern North America. ''Nature'', '''430''': 201-205.
−
*Lentz David L., Pohl Mary E.D., Alvarado José L., Tarighat Somayeh & Bye Robert, 2008. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as a pre-Columbian domesticate in Mexico. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105'''(17): 6232-6237.
+
*Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 1976. ''The sunflower''. Norman (Oklahoma), Univ. of Oklahoma Press. 198 p.
 +
*Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 1995. Sunflowers. ''in'' Smartt J. & Simmonds N.W. (eds), ''Evolution of crop plants''. 2nd ed., pp. 51-53. (including ''H. tuberosus'')
 +
*Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 1998. The domesticated sunflower in Mexico ? ''Genetic Res. Crop Evol''., '''45''' : 447-449.
 +
*Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 2008a. The sunflower (''Helianthus annuus'') in Mexico : further evidence for a North American domestication. ''Genetic Res. Crop Evol.'', '''55'''(1): 9-13.
 +
*Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 2008b. How old is the sunflower in Mexico? ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105''' (30) : E48. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804588105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0804588105] et [https://www.pnas.org/content/105/30/E48 PNAS].
 +
*Lentz, David L. ; Pohl, Mary E.D. ; Alvarado, José L. ; Tarighat, Somayeh & Bye, Robert, 2008a. Sunflower (''Helianthus annuus'' L.) as a pre-Columbian domesticate in Mexico. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105''' (17) : 6232-6237. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711760105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0711760105] et [https://www.pnas.org/content/105/17/6232.short PNAS].
 +
*Lentz, David L. ; Pohl, Mary DeLand & Bye, Robert, 2008b. Reply to Rieseberg and Burke, Heiser, Brown, and Smith: Molecular, linguistic, and archaeological evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA'', '''105''' (30) : E49-E50. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805347105 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0805347105]
 
*Lentz David L., Pohl Mary E.D., Pope Kevin O. & Wyatt Andrew R., 2001. Prehistoric sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) domestication in Mexico. ''Econ. Bot.'', '''55'''(3): 370-376.
 
*Lentz David L., Pohl Mary E.D., Pope Kevin O. & Wyatt Andrew R., 2001. Prehistoric sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) domestication in Mexico. ''Econ. Bot.'', '''55'''(3): 370-376.
 +
*Magniont, Camille, 2010. ''Contribution à la formulation et à la caractérisation d'un écomatériau de  construction à base d'agroressources''. Toulouse, Thèse. 343 p. [http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/980/1/Magniont_Camille.pdf en ligne]
 
*Pappalardo Joe, 2008. ''Sunflowers: the secret history: the unauthorized biography of the world's most beloved weed''. Woodstock, Overlook Press. 256 p.
 
*Pappalardo Joe, 2008. ''Sunflowers: the secret history: the unauthorized biography of the world's most beloved weed''. Woodstock, Overlook Press. 256 p.
 
*Saramandu Nicolae & Uritescu Donin, 1997. Tournesol. Carte de motivations. Commentaire XXXV. ''in Atlas Linguarum Europae (ALE)''. Vol. I - ''Commentaires''. Fasc. 5 : 129-139.
 
*Saramandu Nicolae & Uritescu Donin, 1997. Tournesol. Carte de motivations. Commentaire XXXV. ''in Atlas Linguarum Europae (ALE)''. Vol. I - ''Commentaires''. Fasc. 5 : 129-139.
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== Links ==
 
== Links ==
 +
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Helianthus%20annuus&SearchCat= BHL]
 
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1191 Ecocrop]
 
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1191 Ecocrop]
−
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Helianthus%20annuus GRIN]
+
*[https://www.feedipedia.org/content/feeds?species=13267 Feedipedia]
−
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Helianthus+annuus&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
+
*[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/sunfl100.html Grieve's herbal]
−
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:46:3624887910150531::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Helianthus%20annuus%20Amerindian%20Group,36729 Mansfeld]
+
*[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=27923 GRIN]
−
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Helianthus.html MMPND]
+
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Helianthus%20annuus&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
−
*[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/ Moerman]: search with Helianthus annuus.
+
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Helianthus%20annuus,,, Mansfeld]
−
*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+annuus Plants for a Future]
+
*[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Helianthus+annuus Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]
−
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Helianthus_annuus_nex.html Purdue New Crops]
+
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Helianthus.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
−
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Helianthus,annuus&p=Helianthus+annuus Prota4U]
+
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Helianthus_annuus_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
 +
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Helianthus+annuus Plant List]
 +
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus%20annuus Plants for a future]
 +
*[[Helianthus annuus (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]]
 +
*[https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/101027/tab/taxo TAXREF]
 +
*[https://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75161 Tela Botanica]
 +
*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Helianthus%20annuus Useful Tropical Plants Database]
 +
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helianthus%20annuus Wikipédia]
  
 +
[[Category:Helianthus]]
 
[[Category:Species]]
 
[[Category:Species]]
 
[[Category:Seed plant]]
 
[[Category:Seed plant]]

Latest revision as of 21:31, 28 April 2021

Helianthus annuus L.

alt=Description of SunflowerSunset.jpg picture.
sunflower field at sunset
Order Asterales
Family Asteraceae
Genus Helianthus

2n = 34

Origin : United States and Mexico

wild and cultivated

English sunflower
French tournesol


Summary of uses
  • edible seed oil
  • fruit or kernels eaten as a snack
  • young flower heads can be eaten boiled like artichokes
  • many ornamental forms, with flowers of various colors
  • stalk pith is used as a lightweight insulating material


Description

  • Branched sunflower with small flower heads, in the middle of a sunflower field (Luxé, Charente)

  • leaves

  • young flower bud

  • flower head

  • marture flower head

  • fruit and seed

  • erect and branched herbaceous plant in the wild, single-stemmed in cultivated forms.
  • entire leaves, alternate, rough to the touch
  • radiate flower head, with numerous tubular flowers in the center and bright yellow ligulate flowers

A striking feature of sunflowers is that all flowering heads seem to point eastwards. Before flower opening, the young plant is facing the East in the early morning, and follows the sun during the day. At night, it comes back to its original position. But when flowers open, they stop eastwards.

F1 hybrids are usually grown, among which all individuals are of the same height, with a single large flower head. The presence of isolated, taller, branched individuals with small flower heads shows that the seed lot contains impurities. If these individuals are numerous, this means that the farmer used his own seeds, and that we are, thus, cultivating the heterogeneous F2 generation.

Popular names

English sunflower
French tournesol, soleil
German Sonnenblume
Dutch zonnebloem
Italian girasole
Spanish girasol ; chimalate, acahual (Mexique)
Catalan gira-sol
Portuguese girassol
Polish słonecznik
Russian подсолнечник - podsolnečnik, подсолнух - podsolnuh
  • European names are borrowed to the italian name girasole.
  • See all European names

Classification

  • subsp. lenticularis (Dougl.) Cockerell (1914) is the wild form from North western America. It has many branches with small flower heads.
  • subsp. annuus var. annuus is an adventitious form from North East America.
  • subsp. annuus var. macrocarpus (DC). Cockerell (1914) includes cultivated forms, which have only one stem and a big terminal flower head.

Cultivars

  • ornamental cv.

  • cv. ‘Teddy Bear’

  • Cultivars of which seeds are eaten as snacks usually have large flower heads and big brown and white striped kernels used for their seeds eaten as snacks have usually big heads and big brown and white-striped achenes.
  • Cultivars grown for oil extraction have average flower heads and small black achenes.
    • Usual oil producing sunflower cultivars give an oil with 24% oleic acid and 65% linoleic acid.
    • High oleic cultivars give an oil with 50% to 90% oleic acid. They must be grown separated from usual cultivars (more than 500 m apart) because pollen contamination would cause a decrease of the oleic acid content.
  • Ornamental cultivars show flowers with diverse colors, or double flowers. Many cultivars are interspecific hybrids.

History

Domestication in North America

Sunflowers were domesticated by Native Americans in the Northeastern United States. These consumed fried or pounded seed, turning them into a paste. This paste had a cosmetic use, or was mixed with corn flour to make cakes. But they didn't extract the oil.

The plant was cultivated as isolated individuals in or near cornfields. Cultivars with tall stems and large flower heads were selected.

According to Lentz et al. (2008a), the sunflower was also domesticated independently in Mexico. This is disputed by Brown (2008) and Heiser (2008b), to whom Lentz et al. (2008b) respond. Brown points out that the Mexican names for the sunflower are all motivated, indicating a relatively recent origin. Heiser adds that there is no convincing mention of the plant in Hernández and Sahagún.

  • See Sunflowers in Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden Recounted by Maxi'diwiac (Buffalo Bird Woman) of the Hidatsa Indian Tribe (ca.1839-1932), edited by Gilbert Livingstone Wilson (1868-1930). Originally published as "Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation" by Gilbert Livingstone Wilson, Ph.D. (1868-1930) Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota (Studies in the Social Sciences, #9), 1917. Ph. D. Thesis. Fascinating first hand relation.

Introduction to Europe in the 16th century

  • Chrysanthemum perunianum (Dodoens 1568)

  • Chrysanth. perunianum (Dodoens 1569)

  • Chrysanthemum peruvianum (Dodoens 1583)

  • Portraict de l'Herbe du Soleil de Monardes, p. 253. Claude Duret, 1605. Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmerueillables

  • Portraict de la fleur du Soleil petite, selon Lobelius, p. 254. Claude Duret, 1605. Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmerueillables

  • Besler, 1616, Hortus Eystettensis, Flos solis maior

  • Hans-Simon Holtzbecker, 1649-1659, Gottorfer Codex

  • Nicolas Robert, 1666-85

  • van Gogh, 1888

Dodoens's illustrations are from the same wood engraving. They represent a cultivated type with a single large flower head. Leaves are drawn as alternate, although they are in fact opposite decussate.

During centuries, sunflower was grown as an ornamental plant. Targioni-Tozzetti mentions it in his chapter about ornamental plants, and Candolle omits it because he did not deal with ornamentals.

Its use as chicken food may have begun then, and is still practiced up to now (as entire heads). Sunflower has been one of the most important temperate oilseeds in Europe since the 1970s. Varieties rich in oleic acid ("Oleisol") are also grown.

Adoption as an oil crop in Russia

This transition is mainly due to the Orthodox Church. The latter indeed imposed long periods of leanness, during Lent and for Christmas. A long list of prohibited oil-rich foods was compiled in the 18th century, but sunflower was not on the list because as a newcomer, it was still largely unknown. Peasants began to cultivate the plant in Ukraine and in Kuban, and the first crushing factories were established in 1830.

During the first half of the 20th century, Russian breeders improved the oil content, and chosed a type of cultivars with small stems and medium flower heads. Russian cultivars then spread to Western Europe. Hitler allegedly invaded the Soviet Union in order to gain access to sunflower oil, among other things, as Germany was in dire need of cooking oil.

Discovery of a male-sterility character in France

In the second half of the twentieth century, Europe (and France in particular) began to invest in the research of "metropolitan" oilseeds, because it could no longer count on colonial oils. In 1969, at the INRA research station in Clermont-Ferrand, the French scientist Patrice Leclercq discovered a cytoplasmic male sterility trait by hybridizing a sunflower with Helianthus petiolaris Nuttall. This event allowed an easy production of F1 hybrid seeds. This trait is now used all over the world, and global sunflower production has doubled since. Sunflowers has even come back to North America, to be cultivated as a cash crop for the first time.

Read Targioni-Tozzetti (1853), Gray & Trumbull (1883) and Sturtevant (1919) articles.

Uses

De la moelle [des tiges], plus légère que le liège, on confectionne des ceintures de sauvetage ert de natation, des bouées, parfois (en Chine) du papier, des poupées, etc. (Fournier, 1948). (From the pith [of the stems], which is lighter than cork, we make life belts and swimming, buoys, sometimes (in China) paper, dolls, etc. )

Nowadays, the pith is tested as an insulating material in construction (Magniont, 2010)

References

  • Anderson, E., 1956. Man as a maker of new plants and new plant communities. in W.L. Thomas (ed.), Man’s role in changing the face of the earth. Chicago. 763 p.
  • Bonjean, Alain (éd.), 1986. Tournesols de France. Saint-Jean d'Angély, CST. 189 p.
  • Bonjean, Alain, 1993. Le tournesol. Paris, Editions de l’Environnement. 242 p.
  • Brown, Cecil H., 2008. A lack of linguistic evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 105 (30) : E47. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0804505105 et PBAS. Says that Lentz's names are all motivated.
  • Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 139)
  • Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages. Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. See on Pl@ntUse
  • Fournier, Paul Victor, 1947-48. Le livre des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France. Paris, Lechevalier. 3 vol., fig. t. 1 : Abricot à Coloquinte. 1947. LXXVIII-448 p; t. 2 : Consoude à Melon. 1948. 504 p; t. 3 : Menthe à Zacinthe. 1948. 636 p. (Encyclopédie biologique, 25, 31, 32).
  • Harter, Abigail V. ; Gardner, Keith A. ; Falush, Daniel ; Lentz, David L. ; Bye, Robert A. & Rieseberg, Loren H., 2004. Origin of extant domesticated sunflowers in eastern North America. Nature, 430: 201-205.
  • Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 1976. The sunflower. Norman (Oklahoma), Univ. of Oklahoma Press. 198 p.
  • Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 1995. Sunflowers. in Smartt J. & Simmonds N.W. (eds), Evolution of crop plants. 2nd ed., pp. 51-53. (including H. tuberosus)
  • Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 1998. The domesticated sunflower in Mexico ? Genetic Res. Crop Evol., 45 : 447-449.
  • Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 2008a. The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Mexico : further evidence for a North American domestication. Genetic Res. Crop Evol., 55(1): 9-13.
  • Heiser, Charles B. Jr., 2008b. How old is the sunflower in Mexico? Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 105 (30) : E48. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0804588105 et PNAS.
  • Lentz, David L. ; Pohl, Mary E.D. ; Alvarado, José L. ; Tarighat, Somayeh & Bye, Robert, 2008a. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as a pre-Columbian domesticate in Mexico. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 105 (17) : 6232-6237. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0711760105 et PNAS.
  • Lentz, David L. ; Pohl, Mary DeLand & Bye, Robert, 2008b. Reply to Rieseberg and Burke, Heiser, Brown, and Smith: Molecular, linguistic, and archaeological evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 105 (30) : E49-E50. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0805347105
  • Lentz David L., Pohl Mary E.D., Pope Kevin O. & Wyatt Andrew R., 2001. Prehistoric sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) domestication in Mexico. Econ. Bot., 55(3): 370-376.
  • Magniont, Camille, 2010. Contribution à la formulation et à la caractérisation d'un écomatériau de construction à base d'agroressources. Toulouse, Thèse. 343 p. en ligne
  • Pappalardo Joe, 2008. Sunflowers: the secret history: the unauthorized biography of the world's most beloved weed. Woodstock, Overlook Press. 256 p.
  • Saramandu Nicolae & Uritescu Donin, 1997. Tournesol. Carte de motivations. Commentaire XXXV. in Atlas Linguarum Europae (ALE). Vol. I - Commentaires. Fasc. 5 : 129-139.
  • Sauer Jonathan D., 1994. Historical geography of crop plants. A select roster. Boca Raton, CRC Press. 309 p.

Links

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