Trichosanthes kirilowii (PROSEA)

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Plant Resources of South-East Asia
Introduction
List of species


1, main root; 2, twig with male inflorescence; 3, female flower; 4, ovary and styles; 5, fruit; 6, seed (Iskak Syamsudin)

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.

Protologue: Prim. fl. amur.: 482 (1859).

Synonyms

  • Trichosanthes quadricirrha Miq. (1865).

Vernacular names

  • Vietnam: qua lâu, qua lâu nhân, thao ca.

Distribution

Korea, China, Japan and Vietnam (especially the northern part); possibly also in Taiwan and Laos.

Uses

T. kirilowii is a well-known medicinal plant. A decoction of its tuberous roots and seeds is administered as thirst-quenching, bechic, expectorant, febrifuge, diuretic and galactagogue. Starch from the roots is spread on ulcers, wounds, irritation from perspiration, chicken pox and other skin diseases. A decoction of the root, fruit rind and seeds is used as an anti-emetic and a diuretic to regulate the excretory system and to relieve constipation. Furthermore, the roots are reported as a cooling agent, a depurative, a sialagogue, and a maturative, useful in treating sunstroke, sore throat, jaundice and large boils. In Peninsular Malaysia, Chinese used to import seeds and fruit rind for use as a tonic and an astringent.

Observations

  • A dioecious, perennial vine up to 10 m long, stem angular, sparsely pubescent.
  • Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular in outline, 3-5(-7)-lobed, 10-12 cm × 10-12 cm, base cordate, lobes mucronate, shortly pilose above, glabrescent below.
  • Corolla up to 7 cm in diameter; male flowers in 10-20 cm long racemes, bracts obovate-rhombic, about 1.5-2.5 cm long, coarsely toothed; female flowers solitary.
  • Fruit ovoid-globose to ellipsoidal, up to 10 cm long, yellow to orange-red; seeds oblong to ovate-orbicular, compressed.

Plants from Japan have been distinguished as var. japonica (Miq.) Kitam (synonym: Trichosanthes japonica (Miq.) Regel).

The plants formerly identified as T. kirilowii from Taiwan have now been distinguished as a separate species: T. rosthornii Harms; whether this concerns a truly distinct species or a mere form of T. kirilowii remains as yet uncertain. T. kirilowii is found in open forest, scrub vegetation and grassy places, up to 2000 m altitude.

Selected sources

  • [43] Akihisa, T., Yasukawa, K., Kimura, Y., Takido, M., Kokke, W.C.M.C. & Tamura, T., 1994a. Five D:C-friedo-oleanane triterpenes from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and their anti-inflammatory effects. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 42(5): 1101-1105.
  • [44] Akihisa, T., Yasukawa, K., Kimura, Y., Takido, M., Kokke, W.C.M.C. & Tamura, T., 1994b. 7-Oxo-10-α-cucurbitadienol from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii and its anti-inflammatory effect. Phytochemistry 36(1): 153-157.
  • [146] Bhatia, N., McDonald, K.A., Jackman, A.P. & Dandekar, A.M., 1996. A simplified procedure for the purification of trichosanthin (a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein) from Trichosanthes kirilowii root tubers. Protein Expression and Purification 7(2): 143-146.
  • [202] Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
  • [218] Casellas, P., Dussossoy, D., Falasca, A.I., Barbieri, L., Guillemot, J.C., Ferrara, P., Bolognesi, A., Cenini, P. & Stirpe, F., 1988. Trichokirin, a ribosome-inactivating protein from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz. Purification, partial characterization and use for preparation of immunotoxins. European Journal of Biochemistry 176(3): 581-588.
  • [230] Chan, W.Y., Ng, T.B., Wu, P.J. & Yeung, H.W., 1993. Developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein in mice. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 13(2): 47-57.
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  • [870] Liu, H.-Y., 1993. Cucurbitaceae. In: Huang, T.-C. (Editor). Flora of Taiwan. 2nd Edition. Vol. 3. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. pp. 855-871.
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  • [1025] Ng, T.B., Hon, W.K., Lo, L.H., Li, W.W. & Yeung, H.W., 1986. Effects of amomorcharin, β-momorcharin and α-trichosanthin on lipogenesis and testicular and adrenal steroidogenesis in vitro and plasma-glucose levels in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 18(1): 45-53.
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  • [1028] Ng, T.B., Wong, C.M., Li, W.W. & Yeung, H.W., 1985. Effect of Trichosanthes kirilowii lectin on lipolysis and lipogenesis in isolated rat and hamster adipocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14(1): 93-98.
  • [1035] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.
  • [1099] Ozaki, Y., Xing, L. & Satake, M., 1996. Antiinflammatory effect of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and its effective parts. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19(8): 1046-1048.
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  • [1441] Takano, F., Yoshiaki, F., Suzuki, K., Suya, N., Ando, T. & Hisamichi, S., 1990. Anti-ulcer effects of Trichosanthes fruits. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38(5): 1313-1316.
  • [1445] Terawaki, K., Nose, M., Kondo, T., Kojima, K., Mizukami, H. & Ogihara, Y., 1997. Effect of karasurin-A on nitric oxide production by murine macrophages and mitogenic response of murine splenocytes in vitro. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20(4): 435-437.
  • [1472] Toyokawa, S., Takeda, T., Kato, Y., Wakabayashi, K. & Ogihara, Y., 1991. Presence of protein polymorphism in karasurin, an abortifacient and anti-tumor protein, identified with physicochemical properties. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 39(8): 2132-2134.
  • [1479] Tsao, S.W., Ng, T.B. & Yeung, H.W., 1990. Toxicities of trichosanthin and α-momorcharin, abortifacient proteins from Chinese medicinal plants, on cultured tumor cell lines. Toxicon 28(10): 1183-1192.
  • [1546] Wang, Q.C., Ying, W.B., Xie, H., Hang, Z.C., Yang, Z.H. & Ling, L.Q., 1991. Trichosanthin-monoclonal antibody conjugate specifically cytotoxic to human hepatoma cells in vitro. Cancer Research 51(13): 3353-3355.
  • [1592] Wong, N.S., Dong, X.T., Ng, T.B., Choi, W.T. & Yeung, H.W., 1996. α-Kirilowin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii (family Cucurbitaceae): a comparison with β-kirilowin and other related proteins. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 47(1-2): 103-109.
  • [1599] Wu, M.A., He, C.H., Guo, Z.H. & Sun, B.S., 1982. Clinical efficacy of extracts of radix Trichosanthes and Wikstroemia chamaedaphne on midterm labour induction. Analysis of 248 cases. Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 4(4): 241-242.
  • [1625] Yasukawa, K., Akihisa, T., Tamura, T. & Takido, M., 1994. Inhibitory effect of karounidiol on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor promotion. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17(3): 460-462.
  • [1628] Yeung, H.W. & Li, W.W., 1987. β-Trichosanthin, a new abortifacient protein from the Chinese drug wangua, Trichosanthes cucumeroides. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 29(3): 289-292.
  • [1630] Yeung, H.W., Wong, D.M. & Li, W.W., 1980. A galactose-binding lectin from the Chinese herb, Tien-Hua-Fen, Trichosanthes kirilowii. In: 4th Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices: Abstracts. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. p. 94.
  • [1656] Zheng, Y.T., Zhang, W.F., Ben, K.L. & Wang, J.B., 1995. In vitro immunotoxicity and cytotoxicity of trichosanthin against human normal immunocytes and leukemia-lymphoma cells. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 17(1): 69-79.
  • [1657] Zhou, B.N., 1972. Preparation and application of the injection from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. used as an abortifacient agent. Yiyao Gongye 7: 26-33. (in Chinese)

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Authors

  • M.S.M. Sosef, E. Boer & N. Bunyapraphatsara
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