Plumbago indica (PROSEA)

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Plant Resources of South-East Asia
Introduction
List of species


1, plant habit; 2, roots; 3, flower (Iskak Syamsudin)

Plumbago indica L.

Protologue: Stickm. Herb. Amb.: 24 (1754).

Synonyms

  • Plumbago rosea L. (1762).

Vernacular names

  • Rosy-flowered leadwort, officinal leadwort (En)
  • Indonesia: akar binasa (Malay, Moluccas), ceraka merah (Malay), mehulatu (Ambon)
  • Malaysia: cheraka merah, setaka
  • Philippines: laurel (Bikol, Tagalog), pampasapit (Tagalog).
  • Burma (Myanmar): chuvondacovaillie, kanchopni, kenkhyokeni
  • Thailand: chettamun phloeng daeng (central), pit piu daeng (northern), fai tai din (peninsular)
  • Vietnam: duôi công, xích hoa xà, duôi công hoa dỏ.

Distribution

Tropical Africa, tropical Asia and the Pacific region. Common throughout South-East Asia but not reported for New Guinea and Borneo; reports for Peninsular Malaysia are contradictory. Widely cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions.

Uses

In Indonesia, a poultice of the roots is used as a remedy for rheumatism, paralysis, tumours, toothache (as a counter-irritant) and swollen glands. The root-bark is used as a vesicant. To this end, the fresh root is cut into very thin slices, which are tied on the skin. Similarly these slices may also be applied to the forehead against headache. The leaves are also used in the treatment of rheumatism and headache. Locally, P. indica is used as an abortifacient, either internally by topical application for its vesicant properties, or by chewing the roots for some time. In veterinary medicine, it is given as a vermifuge to horses only. In Malaysia, leaves and roots are externally applied in the treatment of rheumatism, glandular swellings and leprosy. In the Philippines, the bark is used as vesicant and the roots are employed in poultices to treat headache. The bark is also said to be an antidyspeptic. In Thailand, the dried root is credited with emmenagogue, stomachic and carminative activities, and it is reported to be used in the treatment of haemorrhoids, as an abortifacient and as a means to purify the blood and stimulate digestion. P. indica is widely cultivated for its ornamental value.

Observations

  • A shrub up to 1.5 m tall, branched from the base, stems drooping, sometimes rooting.
  • Leaves oblong, 5-15 cm × 2-8 cm, petiole not auriculate.
  • Inflorescence a rather sparsely flowered spike, not corymbose, rachis glabrous, 10-30 cm long.
  • Flowers with calyx about 1 cm long, covered in glands, red, corolla tube 2.5-4 cm long, lobes 2-3 cm in diameter, distinctly mucronate, red.
  • Fruit unknown.

P. indica is found in the vicinity of (former) anthropogenic localities, locally semi-spontaneous, often persistent in abandoned cultivation, also in teak forest, up to 1000 m elevation.

Selected sources

  • [92] Backer, C.A., 1928-1934. Onkruidflora der Javasche suikerrietgronden. Handboek ten dienste van de suikerriet-cultuur en de rietsuiker-fabricage op Java [Weed flora of Javanese sugar-cane fields. Handbook for the cultivation of sugar-cane and manufacturing of cane-sugar in Java]. Vereeniging het Proefstation voor de Java-Suikerindustrie, Pasuruan, Indonesia. 4 volumes. 970 pp.
  • [97] Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, R.C., 1963-1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Vol. 1 (1963) 647 pp., Vol. 2 (1965) 641 pp., Vol. 3 (1968) 761 pp.
  • [190] Brown, W.H., 1951-1957. Useful plants of the Philippines. Reprint of the 1941-1943 edition. 3 volumes. Technical Bulletin 10. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Printing, Manila, the Philippines. Vol. 1 (1951) 590 pp., Vol. 2 (1954) 513 pp., Vol. 3 (1957) 507 pp.
  • [193] Bruneton, J., 1995. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Technique & Documentation Lavoisier, Paris, France. 915 pp.
  • [202] Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
  • [252] Chockalingam, S., Thenmozhi, S. & Nalina Sundari, M.S., 1990. Larvicidal activity of different products against mosquito larvae. Journal of Environmental Bioloy 11(2): 101-104.
  • [287] Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948-1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
  • [350] Dharma, A.P., 1981. Indonesische geneeskrachtige planten [Indonesian medicinal plants]. De Driehoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 168 pp.
  • [354] Dinda, B. & Chel, G., 1992. 6-Hydroxyplumbagin, a naphtoquinone from Plumbago indica. Phytochemistry 31(10): 3652-3653.
  • [355] Dinda, B., Chel, G. & Achari, B., 1994. A dihydroflavonol from Plumbago indica. Phytochemistry 35(4): 1083-1084.
  • [556] Harikrishnan, K.N. & Hariharan, M., 1996. Direct shoot regeneration from nodal explants of Plumbago rosea Linn. - a medicinal plant. Phytomorphology 46(1): 53-58.
  • [572] Hegnauer, R., 1962-1997. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen [Chemotaxonomy of plants]. 11 volumes. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
  • [580] Heyne, K., 1950. De nuttige planten van Indonesië [The useful plants of Indonesia]. 3rd Edition. 2 volumes. W. van Hoeve, 's-Gravenhage, the Netherlands/Bandung, Indonesia. 1660 + CCXLI pp.
  • [754] Ko, K., 1932. The pharmocological action of plumbagin. Japanese Journal of Medical Science IV, Pharmacology 6: 259-286.
  • [793] Kumar, K.S. & Bhavanandan, K.V., 1988. Micropropagation of Plumbago rosea Linn. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 15: 275-278.
  • [900] Mansfeld, R., 1986. Verzeichnis landwirtschaflicher und gaertnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen) [Register of agricultural and horticultural plants (withouth ornamentals)]. 2nd Edition, revised by J. Schultze-Motel. 4 volumes. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 1998 pp.
  • [1035] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.
  • [1044] Nitsch, C. & Nitsch, J.P., 1969. Floral induction in a short-day plant, Plumbago indica L., by 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid. Plant Physiology 44: 1747-1748.
  • [1068] Ogihara, K., Yamashio, R., Higa, M. & Yogi, S., 1997. Preparation of naphthoquinone derivatives from plumbagin and their ichthyotoxicity. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 45(3): 437-445.
  • [1122] Pellegrin, F., 1930. Plumbaginacées [Plumbaginaceae]. In: Gagnepain, F. (Editor): Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine [General flora of Indo-China]. Vol. 3. Masson & Cie, Paris, France. pp. 748-753.
  • [1128] Pételot, A., 1952-1954. Les plantes médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam *[The medicinal plants of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam]. 4 volumes. Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques, Saigon, Vietnam.
  • [1159] Prasad, V.S., Devi, P.U., Rao, B.S. & Kamath, R., 1996. Radiosensitizing effect of plumbagin on mouse melanoma cells grown in vitro. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 34(9): 857-858.
  • [1178] Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Quezon City, the Philippines. 1262 pp.
  • [1254] Rojanapo, W., Tepsuwan, A. & Siripong, P., 1990. Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of Thai medicinal plants. Basic Life Sciences 52: 447-452.
  • [1284] Santhakumari, G., Saralamma, P.G. & Radhakrishnan, N., 1980. Effect of plumbagin on cell growth and mitosis. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 18(3): 215-218.
  • [1285] Santhakumari, G. & Suganthan, D., 1980. Antigonadotrophic activity of plumbagin. Planta Medica 39: 244.
  • [1287] Saralamp, P., Temsiririrkkul, R., Chuakul, W., Riewpaiboon, A., Prathanturarug, S., Suthisisang, C. & Pongcharoensuk, P. (Editors), 1996. Medicinal plants in the Siri Ruckhachati Garden. 2nd Edition. Siambooks and Publications Co., Bangkok, Thailand. 263 pp.
  • [1476] Tran Dinh Ly, 1993. 1900 Loai cay co ich o Viet nam [1900 useful plant species in Vietnam]. Hanoi, Vietnam. 544 pp.
  • [1507] van Steenis, C.G.G.J., 1949. Plumbaginaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (General editor): Flora Malesiana. Series 1, Vol. 4. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta, Indonesia. pp. 107-112.

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Authors

  • Wongsatit Chuakul, Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon & Promjit Saralamp
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