Triticum aestivum
Révision de 13 juin 2013 à 14:20 par Michel Chauvet (discussion | contributions)
Révision de 13 juin 2013 à 14:20 par Michel Chauvet (discussion | contributions)
Triticum aestivum L.
| Ordre | Poales |
|---|---|
| Famille | Gramineae |
| Genre | Triticum |
2n = 42, genome AABBDD
Origine : sud de la mer Caspienne
cultivé uniquement
| Français | {{{français}}} |
|---|---|
| Anglais | {{{anglais}}} |
- français : blé, blé tendre
- anglais : wheat, bread wheat
- plante herbacée annuelle, érigée, tallant à la base
- tige (chaume) creuse, non ramifiée
- feuilles linéaires, planes, de plus d'un cm de large
- épi dense d'épillets à 2-5 fleurs
- lemmes munies ou non d'arête
- plante autogame
- une des céréales d'importance mondiale, avec maïs et riz
- grain consommé par hommes et animaux
- chaume utilisé comme litière ou matériau (toits, paillons…)
Noms populaires
Biologie
This species includes both hulled wheats (subsp. macha, spelta, vavilovii) and naked wheats (subsp. aestivum, compactum, sphaerococcum). The difference is due to only one gene, the q gene. It is the amphiploid of Triticum turgidum (genome AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (genome DD). This last wild species lives south of the Caspian Sea (Iran, Afghanistan, Kirghiztan). It is adapted to climates with a cold winter and a humid summer. So the D genome allowed wheat to be cultivated outside of the Mediterranean areas, and explains its worlwide expansion.
Classification
Triticum aestivum L. (1753)
synonymes courants:
- Triticum hybernum L. (1753)
- Triticum sativum Lam. (1779)
- Triticum vulgare Vill. (1787)
Linneaus created two names, one for spring wheat, and another for winter wheat. This distinction is indeed important to farmers, but not relevant botanically. When merging both Linnean species into one, authors chosed a new name, following usage of that time. The ICBN rules now that the first name published has priority, and that in the case of two names having the same date, the choice of the first author merging both taxa should be followed. It was first thought that Triticum aestivum was the first name chosen, until Kerguélen found in an obscure flora that Triticum hybernum predated it. In order to promote stability for such an important crop, Triticum aestivum is now a nomen conservandum.
Later, Thellung merged Triticum spelta into T. aestivum. Authors wishing to stress that they used Triticum aestivum in a broader sense than Linnaeus used to add 'emend. Fiori et Paoletti (1896)' or 'emend. Thell. (1918)', but this usage is now obsolete.
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum
- synonym:
- T. aestivum subsp. vulgare (Vill.) MacKey (1954)
- T. aestivum L. sensu stricto
- French: blé tendre, froment
- English: wheat, bread wheat
see more European names
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. compactum (Host) MacKey (1954)
- synonym: T. compactum Host (1809)
- French: blé compact, blé hérisson
- English: club wheat
- German: Igelweizen, Zwergweizen, Binkelweizen
- Spanish: trigo cabezorro
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. macha (Dekapr. et Menabde) MacKey (1954)
- synonym: T. macha Dekapr. et Menabde (1932)
- French: blé macha
- English: macha wheat
- German: Macha-Weizen
- Spanish: trigo maka
- Georgian: makha
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. (1918)
synonym: T. spelta L. (1753)
- French: épeautre
- English: spelt
voir d'autres noms européens
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. sphaerococcum (Perc.) MacKey (1954)
- synonym : T. sphaerococcum Perc. (1921)
- French: blé indien
- English: Indian dwarf wheat
- German: indischer Kugel-Weizen, indischer Zwerg-Weizen
- Spanish: trigo indio
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. vavilovii (Tuman.) Sears (1959)
- synonyms:
- T. vavilovii (Tuman.) Jakubc. (1933)
- T. vulgare var. vavilovii Tuman. ex Fljaksb. (1935)
- French: blé de Vavilov, blé arménien
- English: Vavilov’s wheat
- German: Vavilov’s Weizen
Cultivars
On trouve des descriptions et des dessins de tous les cultivars connus en Europe de l'Ouest en 1880 et 1909 dans Les meilleurs blés.
Histoire
The bread wheat now grows in all temperate areas and mountain tropical areas.
Agriculture reached the Caspian Sea only in 6000-5000 BC. (2 to 3 millenaries after its invention in the fertile Crescent). Triticum aestivum must then have appeared in fields of Triticum turgidum as a result of hybridization with the wild Aegilops tauschii. With the spread of agriculture into temperate areas, pure crops of Triticum aestivum would then be favored. Logically, subsp. spelta would be the first to appear, but it seems to have remained for a long time an impurity in fields of Triticum turgidum, and it spread only to central Europe. On the contrary, subsp. aestivum spread both west (to all Europe) and east (to central Asia and India).
Usages
Références
- Zohary Daniel, Hopf Maria & Weiss Ehud, 2012. Domestication of plants in the Old World. Fourth Edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press. XVI-243 p.