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|genre = Syzygium
|nb chromosomes = 2n = 22
|origine = aire d'originenord des Moluques, Nouvelle-Guinée
|statut = sauvage ou cultivé
|français = '''giroflier / clou de girofle'''
|anglais = '''clove'''
}}{{Encadré
|color=lightgreen
|titre=Résumé des usages
|texte=*clous fumés avec du tabac dans les cigarettes kretek
*eugénol distillé des clous ou des feuilles
*médicinal : clou et fruit
*anesthésique dentaire
*bois d'œuvre
}}
File:Clove trees.JPG|arbre
File:Starr 070906-8563 Syzygium aromaticum.jpg|feuilles
File:Cloves fresh in hand.JPG|fleurs en bouton et défleuries
File:CloveCloseUp.jpg|clou de girofle
File:Syzygium aromaticum drying.jpg|clous de girofle juste récoltés
File:Seasonal clove buds drying on Pemba1.jpg|séchage des clous de girofle sur l'île de Pemba
File:Munduk Bali Syzygium aromaticum drying.jpg|séchage dans les rues à Bali
</gallery>
== Noms populaires ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
| français
| giroflier / clou de girofle
|-
| créole antillais
| jiwof, kloujiwof (TRAMIL)
|-
| anglais
| clove tree / clove
|-
| allemand
| Gewürznelkenbaum / Gewürznelke
|-
| néerlandais
| kruidnagelboom / kruidnagel
|-
| italien
| chiodo di garofano
|-
| portugais
| cravo da Índia, cravo aromático
|-
| espagnol
| clavero, árbol del clavo / clavo de olor, clavo dulce
|-
| turc
| karanfil
|-
| arabe
| قَرُنْفُل ,قَرَنْفُل - qarunfil, qaranful
|-
| sanscrit
| lavaṃga ; lavaṃgkusuma ("fleur" de lavaṃga) ; lavaṃgakalikā "bouton de fleur de lavaṃga"
|-
| hindi
| laung (Wealth of India) ; लौंग
|-
| bengali
| laung (Wealth of India)
|-
| gujerati
| laung (Wealth of India)
|-
| marathi
| laung (Wealth of India)
|-
| telugu
| lavangamuchettu (arbre) ; lavangamulu (clous) (Wealth of India)
|-
| tamoul
| kirambu (Wealth of India) ; கராம்பு, கிராம்பு
|-
| kannada
| lavanga (Wealth of India)
|-
| malayalam
| karayampu, krambu (Wealth of India)
|-
| Indonésie
| cengkeh (PROSEA)
|-
| Malaysia
| chengkeh, chingkeh (PROSEA)
|-
| Philippines
| klabong pako, clavo de comer (PROSEA)
|-
| Birmanie
| lay-hnyin (PROSEA)
|-
| Cambodge
| khan phluu, khlam puu (PROSEA)
|-
| Laos
| do:k chan, ka:nz ph'u (PROSEA)
|-
| Thaïlande
| kanphlu (PROSEA)
|-
| Vietnam
| dinh hương (PROSEA)
|}
*Voir l'étymologie de [[Etymologie des noms scientifiques#Caryophyllus|''Caryophyllus'']] et [[Etymologie des noms populaires#Caryophyllus|girofle]]
== Classification ==
== Histoire ==
<gallery widths=120px heights=120px perrow=9 captionmode="illustrations historiquespacked">File:Curtis's botanical magazine (Plate 2749) (8611143890).jpg|''Curtis's botanical magazine'', pl. 2749, 1827File:Curtis's botanical magazine (Plate 2750) (8610039221).jpg|''Curtis's botanical magazine'', pl. 2750, 1827File:Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles (10559035544).jpg|Giroflier aromatique, Descourtilz, ''Flore médicale des Antilles'', 1829, 8:566
File:Syzygium aromaticum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg|Köhler, 1897. ''Medizinal-Pflanzen''
File:Stamps of Indonesia, 047-10.jpg|timbre indonésien de 2010
</gallery>
== Usages ==
<gallery widths=120px heights=120px perrow=9 captionmode="packed">
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kruidnagelmodel van een vlerkprauw TMnr 63-1.jpg|modèle de bateau en clous de girofle (Indonésie, Tropenmuseum)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kruidnagelmodel van een zeilprauw TMnr 4955-1.jpg|modèle de bateau en clous de girofle (Indonésie, Tropenmuseum)
File:Orange pomander.jpg|pomme de senteur
</gallery>
{{Citation encadré
|texte=Probably cultivated for more than 2.000 years. During the Han dynasty (220-200 BC) already well-known and used in S China. Nowadays planted (besides Indonesia as largest producer and consumer) mainly in Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba), Madagascar, Malaysia and Sri Lanka; also in S India, Réunion, the Comores, Gabon, French Guayana, Martinique, Dominica and Jamaica. The cloves of commerce are flower buds, harvested, when the calyx begins to redden. They are used whole, or variously grinded as spice or for the production of clove oil, obtained by distillation of the dried flower buds, peduncles or leaves. The main component of this oil is eugenol, one of the 12 most frequently produced etheric oils. It has great importance in the pharmaceutical and perfume industry, also in microscopy and medicine; formerly also used to synthetize vanillin. Most of the cloves are used for the production of the Kretek cigarettes in Indonesia; which are composed of ground cloves (about 30%) and tobacco (70%).
|auteur =Mansfeld.
}}
== Références ==
*Deinum, H., 1949. De kruidnagel [Clove]. In: van Hall, C.J.J. & van de Koppel, C. (Editors): ''De landbouw in de Indischen Archipel'' [Agriculture in the Indonesian ArchipelagoL'agriculture dans l'archipel indonésien]. Vol. 2B. van Hoeve, 's-Gravenhage, the Netherlands. ppp. 684-719.*de Waard, P.W.F., 1974. The development of clove buds and causes of irregular bearing of cloves (''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Sprengel) Bullock et Horrison). ''Journal of Plantation Crops'', '''2'''(2): 23-31.
*Dufournet, R., 1968. Le giroflier et sa culture à Madagascar. ''Bulletin of Madagascar'', 18: 216-281.
*Purseglove, J.W., Brown, E.G., Green, C.L. & Robbins, S.R.J., 1981. ''Spices''. Vol. 2. Longman, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom. ppp. 229-285.*Rollet, Bernard et coll., 2010. ''Arbres des Petites Antilles''. Tome 1 : ''Introduction à la dendrologie''. 276 p. Tome 2 : ''Description des espèces''. 866 p. + 46 pl. coul. + CD de photos sur l'anatomie du bois. Basse-Terre, ONF. Voir [[Syzygium aromaticum (Rollet, Antilles)|sur Pl@ntUse]].*Tidbury, G.E., 1949. ''The clove tree''. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London, United Kingdom. 212 ppp.*TRAMIL, ''Pharmacopée végétale caribéenne'', éd. scient. L. Germosén-Robineau. 2014. 3e éd. Santo Domingo, Canopé de Guadeloupe. 420 p. Voir sur [[Syzygium aromaticum (TRAMIL)|Pl@ntUse]]*Weiss, E.A., 1997. ''Essential oil crops''. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom. ppp. 235-259.*Wit, F., 1969. The clove tree ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Sprengel) Bullock & Harrison. In: Ferwerda, F.P. & Wit, F. (Editors): ''Outlines of perennial crop breeding in the tropics''. Miscellaneous Papers No 4, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. ppp. 163-174.
== Liens ==
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Syzygium%20aromaticum&SearchCat= BHL]
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2462 FAO Ecocrop]
*[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Syzy_aro.html Gernot Katzer's Spice pages]
*[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cloves76.html Grieve's herbal]
*[httphttps://wwwnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/htmlgringlobal/tax_searchtaxonomydetail.plaspx?Syzygium%20aromaticum id=50069 GRIN]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Syzygium%20aromaticum&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrcapex/f?p=185:4546:13291644128746013908405078932::NO::P7_BOTNAMEmodule,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1mf_use,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2source,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Syzygium%20aromaticum,,, 12338 Mansfeld]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Syzygium.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
*[https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/Clove.html NewCrop Purdue]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Syzygium+aromaticum Plant List]
*[http[:en://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=597 PROSEA]*[[Syzygium aromaticum (PROTAPROSEA)|PROTA PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]]*[httphttps://wwwinpn.prota4umnhn.org/protav8.asp?fr=1&h=M4&t=Syzygium,aromaticum&p=Syzygium%20aromaticum Prota4U]*[http:/espece/www.tela-botanica.orgcd_nom/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Syzygium%20aromaticum Tela Botanica]*[http:630768/tab/www.toildepices.com/wiki/index.php?title=Girofle Toil'd'épicestaxo TAXREF]
*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Syzygium%20aromaticum Useful Tropical Plants Database]
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium%20aromaticum Wikipédia]