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|image = Neemtree.jpg
|légende =
|auteur = A. Juss.
|ordre = Sapindales
|famille = Meliaceae
|genre = Azadirachta
|nb chromosomes = 2n = 28|origine = aire d'origineBirmanie
|statut = sauvage ou cultivé
|français = '''nim'''
|anglais = '''neem'''
}}{{Encadré
|color=lightgreen
|titre=Résumé des usages
|texte=*insecticide
*médicinal
*arbre d'ombrage
*lutte contre l'érosion et amélioration des sols
*brise-vent
*bois d'œuvre
*bois de feu
*huile des graines transformées en savon
*jeunes pousses mangées comme légume
*brindilles : cure-dents
*feuilles et tourteau comme fourrage
}}
File:Azadirachta indica Bark neem Kambalakonda Visakhapatnam 01.JPG|écorce
File:Azadirachta indica - ആര്യവേപ്പ് 02.JPG|feuilles
File:Azadirachta indica drawing leaf Bekele-Tessemma Ethiopia.jpg|feuille
File:Azadirachta indica leaves flowers Bekele-Tessemma Ethiopia.jpg|feuilles et fleurs
File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|inflorescences
File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|fleurs
File:Azadirachta indica leaves fruits Bekele-Tessemma Ethiopia.jpg|feuilles et fruits
File:Azadirachta indica drawing flowers Bekele-Tessemma Ethiopia.jpg|fleurs
File:Azadirachta indica drawing fruits Bekele-Tessemma Ethiopia.jpg|fruits
File:Azadirachta indica, leaves & fruits.JPG|fruits
File:Neem tree seeds.JPG|"graines"
File:Azadirachta indica drawing seeds Bekele-Tessemma Ethiopia.jpg|graines
</gallery>
== Noms populaires ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
| français
| nim, margosier, margousier, lilas blanc
|-
| anglais
| neem, Indian lilac, margosa tree
|-
| espagnol
| paraíso (Cuba) (Rollet)
|-
| bengali
| nim (Wealth of India)
|-
| gujerati
| limbado (Wealth of India)
|-
| hindi
| nim, nimb (Wealth of India)
|-
| kannada
| bevinamara (Wealth of India)
|-
| malayalam
| veppa (Wealth of India)
|-
| marathi
| limba (Wealth of India)
|-
| oriya
| nimba (Wealth of India)
|-
| sanskrit
| arishta, nimba (Wealth of India)
|-
| tamoul
| vembu, veppam (Wealth of India)
|-
| telugu
| veepachettu, yapachettu (Wealth of India)
|-
| ourdou
| nim (Wealth of India)
|-
| Indonésie
| mimba (Java), membha (Madura), intaran (Bali) (PROSEA)
|-
| Malaysia
| baypay, mambu, veppam (Peninsular) (PROSEA)
|-
| Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée
| neem (PROSEA)
|-
| Philippines
| neem (PROSEA)
|-
| Singapour
| kohomba, nimba, veppam (PROSEA)
|-
| Birmanie
| tamarkha, thinboro, tamar (PROSEA)
|-
| Cambodge
| sdau (PROSEA)
|-
| Laos
| kadau (PROSEA)
|-
| Thaïlande
| khwinin (général), sadao (centre), saliam (nord) (PROSEA)
|-
| Vietnam
| sầu dâu (PROSEA)
|}
== Classification ==
''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss. (1832)
synonyme :
*''Melia azadirachta'' L. (1753)
== Cultivars ==
== Histoire ==
Les premiers Européens à avoir connu le nim l'ont appelé '''nimbo''' (Acosta) ou '''aria bepou''' (Rheede). Plus tard, il devait être perçu comme une espèce d’'''azédarach''' (''[[Melia azedarach]]''). Ainsi pour [[Breyne , Jakob|Breyne]] (''Prodromus''), c'est l’''Azadirachta Indica'', espèce totalement nouvelle ("''plane nova''") qu'il compare avec l'espèce auparavant décriteet bien connue ("''satis nota''"), ''Azadirachta Syriaca''(''[[Melia azedarach]]'').
{{Citation encadré|texte=== [[Breyne, Jakob]], Icones rariorum plantarum, tabula I === AZADIRACHTA ''Indica, foliis Fraxini, sive non ramosis majoribus, flore minore albo''. Prodr. II. p.47.
''Arbor Azadirachta Indica, foliis Fraxini, s. non ramosis, flore minore''. Prodr. I. p. 6.
Ceterum Parens in Prodr. I. loc. cit. annotavit, eam foliis minoribus amictam, etiam reperiri, quae procul dubio varietas faltem naturae soli vel culturae adscribenda.
Clarissimus ''Carolus Linnaeus'', in ''Generibus Plant.'' p. 127. huius Generis Characterem dat & MELIAM vocat ; desumto vocabulo a ''Dioscoride'' L. 1. C. 108. & ''Theophrasto'' L. 3. C 11. Videatur eiusdem Auctoris ''Critica Botan.'' p. 117. Sed Μέλια Dioscoridis & Theophrasti, secundum Interpretes, ''Fraxinum'' denotat ; an itaque vocabulum hoc Graecum, quod certo iam Generi proprium, recte alli ab hoc plane diverso adscribitur ? ==|auteur= Breyne, Jakob, Prodromus primus''Icones rariorum plantarum'', 17391678, tabula I. p. 6-7 ===}}{{Citation encadré|texte=''Arbor'' AZADIRACHTA ''Indica, foliis Fraxini, sive non ramosis flore minore''. Arboris ''Azadirachtæ species'' mihi duæ notæ sunt.
''Prima : Azadiracht, Abvali Ibn Tsinæ'' ; sive ''Arbor Fraxini folio, Caspari Bauhini'' ; seu ''Arbor Azadarachena, Johannis Bauhini'' ; mihi ''Arbor Azadirachta Syriaca, foliis ramosis, flore cæruleo, & albo majore''. Hæc copiose in Syria nascitur, atque etiam jam satis in hortis Europæis (præsertim floribus cœruleis) nota.
''Altera est : Arbor Azadirachta Indica, foliis non ramosis, flore minore'' ; plane nova est. Hujus ''frondes'' seu ''folia'' spithami longitudinem obtinentia, costa constant gracili, non ramosa, lobis serratis, utrinque in modum Fraxini vulgaris, sed falcatis & brevioribus, in altero latere angustioribus, in altero vero latioribus alata. ''Flosculos'' profert ''Azadirachta Syriacæ'' simillimos, ast minores, ex albo cœrulei coloris : succedentibus ''fructibus'', Syriacæ etiam minoribus, luteis, quantum ex resiccatis augurari licuit, ex quibus in India (unde rami aliquot Anno M.DC.LXX. nomine ''Morgosi'' mihi transmissi.) ''Oleum'' magna virtutis atque summe æstimationis conficitur. Hujus rarissimæ Arboris ''Azadirachtæ'' ramum cum floribus, mecum anno superiore ''Dominus Dumbsdorf'' etiam nomine Arboris ''Morgosi'' medicinalis valde, & postmodum ''Dominus Petrus de Wolf, Mercator Amstelodami celeberrimus & Rerum Naturalium atq ; Plantarum exoticarum Cultor insignis'' absque nomine (& forte e plantis ab Excellentissimo Domino Hermanno in Zeilan insula collectis) communicavit.
|auteur=Breyne, Jakob, ''Prodromus primus'', 1739. p. 6-7.
}}
== Usages ==
{{Citation encadré
|texte= Apparently wild and cultivated throughout India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Malaysia, S and SE Asia, Sri Lanka, Java, Indonesia, isl. eastern from Java, Haiti, Suriname. In S Iran, S Arabia, E and W Africa (in 30 countries) naturalized. Also planted in Florida, Nicaragua and Cuba. In this area since long times planted in gardens and along streets. One of the most important trees of India. Holy tree of the Hindus. On the Philippines the stands covers about 40.000 ha, and India possesses about 14 mill. of trees. Typical multipurpose tree: the bitter and astringent bark (neem bark, margosa bark, Cortex Margosae) is used to treat fever and worms; the bitter leaves are antiseptic; the flowers are used as tonic; the bitter seed oil (Neem or Margosa oil) to treat skin diseases, also used as lamp oil and to make soap. The bark yields a gum, used technically and for medicine. The medicinal and pesticidal applications are getting increasing importance: oil cake, seed oil, leaves and other parts of the tree are an effective insecticide (against more than 100 insect species); also used as fungicide (dermatophytes, intestinal fungi), bactericide, virostatic, spermacide (neem oil) and against malaria and especially for Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). It is reported that neem interrupts the life cycle of the flagellate. Widely used in reforestation agroforestry programms in S and SE Asia, W Africa, America (Haiti, USA) In Saudi Arabia (near Mecca) 50.000 neem trees had been planted as shade trees on 10 km2 for 2 mill. of Moslem pilgrims, and at the same time for commercial use. The tree is also planted for shade and shelter, erosion control and soil improvement, and as windbreak. The hard wood of the tree is used as timber. The leaves are used as fodder. The medicinal uses of neem had been described at first in classical Hindu texts, especial in the Ayurveda which had been compiled 500 AD, but originated long before. True native area however doubtful, perhaps from India to Myanmar.
|auteur=Mansfeld.
}}
== Références ==
*Bekele-Tesemma, Azene, 2007. ''Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia. Identification, propagation and management for 17 agroclimatic zones''. Nairobi, ICRAF - RELMA. 550 p. (''Technical Manual'' 6). [[:en:Azadirachta indica (Bekele-Tesemma, 2007)|Voir l'article]]
*Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 457)
*Lauridsen, E.B., Kanchanaburagura C. & Boonsermsuk, S.,1992. Le neem (''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss.) en Thaïlande. Rome, FAO. ''Informations sur les ressources génétiques forestières'', n° 19 [http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/u5380f/U5380F08.htm en ligne]
*Rollet, Bernard et coll., 2010. ''Arbres des Petites Antilles''. Tome 1 : ''Introduction à la dendrologie''. 276 p. Tome 2 : ''Description des espèces''. 866 p. + 46 pl. coul. + CD de photos sur l'anatomie du bois. Basse-Terre, ONF. Voir [[Azadirachta indica (Rollet, Antilles)|sur Pl@ntUse]].
== Liens ==
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3581 FAO Ecocrop]
*[http://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Feedipedia]
*[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/azadi086.html Grieve's herbal]*[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bingringlobal/npgstaxon/html/tax_search.pltaxonomydetail?Azadirachta%20indica id=6161 GRIN]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Azadirachta%20indica&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrcapex/f?p=185:4546:132916441287460110571902538388::NO::P7_BOTNAMEmodule,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1mf_use,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2source,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Azadirachta%20indica,,, 13189 Mansfeld]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Azadirachta.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu07/pdfs/munoz126-128.pdf NewCrop Purdue] (Janick, pdf à télécharger)
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Azadirachta%20indica Plant List]
*[http[:en:Azadirachta indica (PROSEA)|PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]]*[[Azadirachta indica (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]]*[https://proseanetinpn.orgmnhn.fr/proseaespece/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=2989 PROSEAcd_nom/629132/tab/taxo TAXREF]*[http://wwwtropical.prota4utheferns.orginfo/protav8viewtropical.aspphp?pid=Azadirachta%20indica Prota4UUseful Tropical Plants Database]
*[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica Wikipédia]
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Azadirachta%20indica Wikiphyto]