Changes

*''Gloriosa simplex'' auct.

*Vietnam: cây ngót nghẽo, cây nhú nho[áinhoái.

The corms of ''Colchicum autumnale'' L. and ''Iphigenia'' (both also included in ''Colchicaceae'' ) are traditional sources of colchicine. An increase in demand for colchicine stimulated the search for an alternative source, leading to ''G. superba'' .

*A climbing or, less often, erect, glabrous herb, 3(-6) m long; tuber (corm) perennial, horizontal, roots fibrous; aerial stem annual, moderately branched. *Leaves alternate, opposite or in whorls of 3(-4), sessile, lanceolate or ovate, entire, base obtuse, apex gradually narrowing in a coiled tendril (except for erect forms). *Flowers solitary in the axils of leaves, bisexual; perianth segments 6, connate at the base, narrowly elliptical, 5-7(-9) cm × 1(-3) cm, with undulate margins, usually reflexed, yellow, red or 2-coloured; stamens 6, filaments spreading 2.5-5 cm long, anthers 0.7-1 cm long, dorsifixed; ovary superior, sessile, 3-celled, style filiform, bent basally almost at right angle, 3.5-5.5 cm long including short apical branches. *Fruit a capsule, 4-10 cm × 1.5-2 cm. Seeds globose, about 5 mm in diameter, red or orange red, with a fleshy sarcotesta.

''Gloriosa'' has often been included in ''Liliaceae'' , but is nowadays considered as belonging to ''Colchinaceae'' , differing from the bulbous ''Liliaceae'' s.s. in having a tuber or corm, i.e. a thickened underground stem part which is stoloniferous in ''Gloriosa'' . ''G. superba'' is very variable and is sometimes considered to consist of several species. Only one species, ''G. superba'' s.s., is indigenous to Malesia. Several selected forms in cultivation are traded under a "specific rank", e.g. ''G. rothschildiana'' .

Leaf blight ( ''Curvularia lunata'' ) and tuber rot ( ''Sclerotium'' spp.) are two important fungal diseases of flame lily under per-humid situations. Lily caterpillar ( ''Polytela gloriosae'' ) and green caterpillar ( ''Pulsia chalcites'' ) attack foliage and flower buds.

*[277] Conran, J.G., 1987. Gloriosa. In: George, A.S. (Editor): Flora of Australia. Vol. 45. Hydatellaceae to Liliaceae. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia. pp. 412.*[402] Evans, W.C. (Editor), 1989. Trease and Evans' pharmacognosy. 13th Edition. Baillière Tindall, London, United Kingdom. 832 pp.*[893] Mamatha, H., Farooqi, A.A., Joshi, S.S. & Prasad, T.G., 1993. Pollen studies in Gloriosa superba Linn. In: Palevitch, D., Simon, J.E. & Mathé, A. (Editors): Raw material production, product introduction. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare, WOCMAP. Maastricht, the Netherlands, 19-25 July 1992. Acta Horticulturae 331: 371-376.*[1035] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.*[1058] Nuntira Mekaroonkamol, 1990. Kan charoen toepto lae kan hai phonphalit khong dong dung *[Growth and yield performance of gloriosa lily (Gloriosa superba Linn.)]. Bangkok, Thailand. 88 pp.*[1287] Saralamp, 1447P., Temsiririrkkul, R., Chuakul, W., Riewpaiboon, A., Prathanturarug, S., Suthisisang, C. & Pongcharoensuk, P. (Editors), 1996. Medicinal plants in the Siri Ruckhachati Garden. 2nd Edition. Siambooks and Publications Co., Bangkok, Thailand. 263 pp.*[1447] Tewari, P.V., Sharma, P.V. & Prasad, D.N., 1972. Experimental studies on the ecbolic properties of Gloriosa superba (Kalihari). Journal of Research on Indian Medicine 7: 27.

*N. Bunyapraphatsara & J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg