Changes

'''== Major taxa and synonyms''' == Cultivar group names are proposed here.

* Cv. group Chinese Radish. Synonyms: ''Raphanus sativus'' L. var. ''niger'' (Miller) Persoon (1807), var. ''hortensis'' Backer (1907), var. ''longipinnatus'' Bailey (1923).

* Cv. group Leaf Radish. Synonyms: ''R. sativus'' L. var. ''oleiformis'' Persoon (1807).

* Cv. group Rat-tailed Radish. Synonyms: ''R. caudatus'' L. (1767), ''R. sativus'' L. var. ''caudatus'' (L.) Vilmorin (1925), var. ''mougri'' Helm (1957).

* Cv. group Small Radish. Synonyms: ''R. sativus'' L. var. ''sativus'' , var. ''radicula'' Persoon (1807).

*General: *Radish (En). *Radis (Fr). *Indonesia, Malaysia: lobak

* Cv. group Chinese Radish: *Chinese radish, oriental radish, daikon (En). *Indonesia, Malaysia: lobak, lobak putih.

* Cv. group Leaf Radish: *Indonesia: lobak daun.

* Cv. group Rat-tailed Radish: *Rat-tailed radish (En). *Radis serpent (Fr)

* Cv. group Small Radish: *Small radish, western radish (En). *Petit radis (Fr)

Per 100 g edible portion, the root contains: water 93.5 g, protein 0.6 g, fat 0.1 g, carbohydrates 5.3 g, Ca 32 mg, P 21 mg, Fe 0.6 mg. It contains vitamin A in small quantity, vitamin B₁0.02 mg, vitamin B₂0.03 mg, and fair amounts of vitamin C (25 mg) and niacin (0.30 mg). The energy value is 90 kJ/100 g. The 1000-seed weight is about 10 g.

*Erect, annual, more or less densely hairy herb, 20-100 cm tall; upper part of taproot and hypocotyl swollen, tuberous, globular, cylindrical or tapering, very variable in size, form and weight, red to white, sometimes grey to black, flesh white, sometimes red; stem at first short, growing out towards anthesis, hollow. *Leaves alternate, glabrous to sparingly hispid; lower leaves in a radical rosette, petioles 3-5.5 cm long, leaf-blades oblong, oblong-ovate to lyrate-pinnatifid, 3-5-jugate with a round or ovate terminal lobe, 5-30 cm long; higher leaves much smaller, shortly petioled, lanceolate-spathulate, subdentate. *Inflorescence a terminal, erect, long, many-flowered raceme; flowers 1.5 cm in diameter, fragrant, white to lilac; pedicel up to 2.5 cm long; sepals 4, oblong-linear, 6-10 mm long; petals 4, spathulate, clawed, 1-2 cm long; stamens 6, tetradynamous; style 3-4 mm long. *Fruit cylindrical, up to 10(-30) cm × 1.5 cm, consisting of 2-several superposed joints, lower joint very short and seedless, upper one(s) much larger, terete, spongy and divided into 2-12 one-seeded compartments, indehiscent, with a long, seedless beak. *Seed ovoid-globose, about 3 mm in diameter, yellowish.

* Cv. group Chinese Radish: very variable. The smaller forms (South-East Asia) with cylindrical root, 10-25 cm × 4-5 cm, white. Larger forms (China, Japan) can attain a weight of 20 kg, with leaves up to 60 cm long and with 8-12 pairs of pinnae.

* Cv. group Leaf Radish: no swollen roots.

* Cv. group Rat-tailed Radish: fruit can attain 30 cm or more in length.

* Cv. group Small Radish: root globose, ellipsoid or cylindrical, 0.5-4 cm × 0.5-4 cm, red, white, red and white or violet.

The following wild species, closely related to the cultivated radish, possibly contributed to its origin: ''R. raphanistrum'' L., distributed in the Mediterranean, western Asia and in Europe; ''R. maritimus'' Sm., occurring along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in Europe, of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea; ''R. landra'' Moretti ex DC. (considered as an inland form of ''R. maritimus'' ), especially in the western Mediterranean area; ''R. rostratus'' DC., distributed from Greece eastwards to the Caspian Sea. Sometimes these related species are considered as one species complex named ''R. raphanistrum'' , with the different taxa classified as subspecies.

* Summer radish (25 days to maturity):

* All-season radish (approximately 45 days to maturity): Chinese or daikon type, all elongate, white ("Wu Feng Early", "Oriental White", local South-East Asian cultivars).

* Winter radish (60 days to maturity):

Common foliar diseases are ''Cercospora'' leaf-spot ( ''C.'' ''brassicicola'' ) and downy mildew ( ''Peronospora parasitica'' ). Serious root diseases in temperate areas are black rot ( ''Aphanomyces'' ''raphaniaphani'' ) and ''Fusarium'' yellows ( ''F.'' ''oxysporum'' f. ''raphani'' ). Club root ( ''Plasmodiophora'' ) is increasingly a problem in tropical highlands.

Important pests are flea beetles ( ''Phyllotreta'' spp.) which attack young seedlings, aphids ( ''Aphis'' ''gossypii'' , ''Lipaphis'' ''erysimi'' ) which cause leaf-curls, and mustard sawfly ( ''Athalia'' ''proxima'' ) which feeds on the leaves. Root knot nematodes ( ''Meloidogyne'' spp.) are important.

Radishes are washed thoroughly to remove soil and to maintain a fresh appearance, followed by grading and packaging. When sold with tops, they are tied in bunches, and the leaves should be turgid, green, and free from blemishes. Rapid cooling, using crushed ice or cold water to remove heat, helps retain good quality. At high relative humidity and a temperature of 0°C0 °C, radish can be stored for 28 days, but at 7°C 7 °C the storage life is less than 7 days. Roots with leaves attached have half the storage life of topped roots.

In seed production, open-pollinated cultivars may give a seed yield of 800 kg/ha; an isolation distance of 1000 m is required. Self-incompatibility and male sterility are available for the production of F₁hybrid seed.

*Kasem Piluek & M.M. Beltran