Bureaucrat, administrator, widgeteditor
146,870
edits
Changes
no edit summary
{{PROSEAUpperbar}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Mangifera foetida'' (PROSEA)}}
<big>''[[Mangifera foetida]]'' Lour.</big>, <big>''[[Mangifera pajang]]'' Kostermans</big>
__NOTOC__
:Protologue: *''M. foetida'' : Fl. Cochinch.: 160 (1790).
*''M. pajang'' : Reinwardtia 7: 20 (1965).
:Family: Anacardiaceae
== Vernacular names ==
*Indonesia: bacang (Indonesian-Malay, Minangkabau), limus (Sundanese, West Java), asem hambawang (Banjar, South Kalimantan)
*Malaysia: machang (Malay), bacang, pahu (Sabah), macang (Sarawak)
*Vietnam: xoài hôi.
*Indonesia: asem payang (Kutai, East Kalimantan), alim (Kenya Dayak, East Kalimantan), hambawang (Malay, West Kalimantan)
*Malaysia: bambangan, embawang (Malay, Sabah), embang (Sarawak).
== Botany ==
''-M. foetida'' : *Tree up to 30-35 m tall, straight bole without buttresses, bark light brown to dark greyish-brown, shallowly fissured with broad flat ridges, containing irritant whitish sap turning black on exposure; crown dense, foliage dark green, branches massive. *Leaves elliptic-oblong to broadly elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate, 15-40 cm × 9-15 cm, stiffly coriaceous, dark green above, clear green below, apex sub-acute, sometimes rounded or slightly emarginate, base cuneate or attenuate, more or less bullate between the nerves; petiole 1.5-8 cm, stout, very swollen at the base. *Panicles subterminal, upright, pyramidal, 10-40 cm long, sparsely branched, rather densely flowered, deep reddish-pink, inflorescence axes stout, deeply red to copper red; flowers .*Flowers 5-merous, scentless; sepals obovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm long; petals narrowly lanceolate, 6-9 mm × 1.5-2.5 mm, pale reddish-pink at the base, pale yellow towards the apex, reflexed; stamens 5, 1(-2) fertile, filament ca. 8 mm long, pinkish- purple, anthers dark violet, other ones smaller, filaments connate at the base; ovary subglobose, yellow, style excentric, white, 6-7 mm long. *Fruit variable in size and shape, an obliquely ovoid-oblong or almost globose drupe, 9-14(-16) cm × 7-12 cm, dirty dark olive-green or yellowish-green, smooth, dull, with brown lenticels, nose reduced to a point or slightly prominent, rarely prominent, skin ca. 5 mm thick; flesh pale orange yellow or yellow, fibrous, juicy, with strong smell and taste of turpentine at its full extent. *Stone plump, ca. 6 cm × 5 cm × 3 cm, coarsely fibrous; seed monoembryonic.
Different forms are recognized by local people. Small, almost globose fruits (e.g. "limus piit" in West Java) are consistently distinguished from large and more oblong ones which are commonly sold in Malay markets. There is also another kind, with large, oblong fruits, remarkable for being hardly fibrous, and finer textured. In West Java, it is called "limus tipung" ("tipung" meaning flour, referring to its fine texture). A similar kind ("asem linggau") was found in East Kalimantan, with, moreover, a large proportion of fruit having abortive seeds. Sizeable variability in fruit characters is recorded in Borneo, particularly in South Kalimantan. A striking form, commonly seen in markets in Sarawak, has deep yellow unripe fruits.
Flowering in Sarawak is in May-August, fruit ripening in August-November. In East Kalimantan flowering is in April-September, ripening in August-January.
''-M. pajang'' : *Tree, 15-33 m tall, sometimes deciduous, trunk 30-70 cm diameter, bark brown or grey, smooth or fissured. *Leaves elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong (17-)28-45 cm × (7-)10-15 cm, rigidly coriaceous, nerves prominent, petiole (2-)5-7 cm long. *Inflorescences panicles, terminal or subterminal, erect, pyramidal, up to 30 cm long, densely flowered, glabrous, fragrant; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, purple on inner surface, pinkish-white outside; stamens 5, 1 or 2 fertile; ovary white. *Fruit a globose or ovoid drupe, 9.5-12(-20) cm × 6.5-10(-17) cm, rough, potato-brown, flesh bright deep yellow, sweet-acid, pleasantly aromatic, fibrous. *Stone plump, ca. 9 cm × 6.5 cm × 4.5 cm, endocarp woody, up to 5 mm thick, seed monoembryonic. In Sabah trees flower in April-May and fruit between July and September; in East Kalimantan the fruiting season is December-March.
''M. pajang'' resembles ''M. foetida'' in bloom; it is different notably by its longer leaves with prominent nerves and by its large brown fruits.
Propagation is by seed. The seedlings require much moisture and light shade. They tolerate much shade but later on grow also well in full light. ''M. foetida'' proved to be a suitable rootstock for cvs of ''M. indica'' in a moist climate, but others doubt this because of swellings at the union. Budding is performed after the modified Forkert method with buds of non-petioled wood on one-year-old rootstocks, during the dry season. Spacing for orchard planting should be 14-16 m.
Trunk borers ( ''Rhytidodera simulans'' , a longicorn beetle) may damage and kill branches, but the tree retains its viability. The attacks of the bark by ''Arbela'' are more superficial. The fruit is often damaged by the mango weevil, ''Cryptorrhynchus mangiferae'' , whose larvae feed in the flesh.
The fruits are harvested during the rainy season, in West Java from October to December.
== Prospects ==
Bachang has its traditional usage in South-East Asia and its role is not likely to change much in the near future. ''M. pajang'' , however, is a new discovery; its large, aromatic rather than odorous fruits may have a strong appeal elsewhere in South-East Asia. All horticultural aspects of this crop need further investigation.
== Literature ==
* Ding Hou, 1978. Anacardiaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (Editor): Flora Malesiana. Series 1. Vol. 8. pp. 435-437.
* Molesworth Allen, B., 1967. Malayan fruits. Donald Moore Press, Singapore. pp. 9-11.
* Mukherjee, S.K., 1949. A monograph of the genus Mangifera L. Lloydia 12: 73-136.
== Authors ==
