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<big>''[[Uapaca paludosamole]]'' Aubrév. & LeandriPax</big>

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Uapaca paludosamole'' (PROTA)}}:Protologue: BullBot. SocJahrb. BotSyst. France 8219: 50 79 (19351894).

*Rikio des marais , rikio à grandes feuilles (Fr).

''Uapaca paludosamole'' occurs from Guinea Liberia east to Uganda and Tanzania , and south to Cabinda (Angola).

In Congo a root infusion The wood is taken to treat headache caused by fever. Painful parts are embrocated with the crushed roots to ease the pain. A root infusion is considered expectorant used for joinery, boxes and taken to treat a blocked nose and pulmonary afflictionskitchen utensils. A root bark or stem bark decoction It is drunk to treat female sterilitysuitable for construction, flooring, dysentery mine props, ship building, vehicle bodies, furniture, railway sleepers and food-poisoningvats. It In Ghana it is used as considered a mouth wash to treat toothachegood firewood, as a vapour bath to treat rheumatism and oedema, as an enema to treat piles and in baths to strengthen rachitic and premature children. Pulped leaves or stem bark with palm oil are applied to furuncles to mature them and it is also used to treat migraine and rheumatism. No medicinal uses are recorded for West Africaproduce charcoal.

In Congo a root infusion is taken to treat headache caused by fever. Crushed roots are applied as an embrocation to ease pain. A root infusion is considered expectorant and taken to treat a blocked nose and pulmonary afflictions. Bark decoctions are drunk to treat female sterility, dysentery and food-poisoning. They are used as a mouth wash to treat toothache, as a vapour bath to treat rheumatism and oedema, as an enema to treat piles, and in baths to strengthen rachitic and premature children. Pulped leaves or stem bark with palm oil are applied to furuncles to mature them and also to treat migraine and rheumatism. The fruits are edible and taste like avocado. The wood is used for general carpentry, boxes and kitchen utensils. In Ghana it is considered good firewood.

The ethanolic heartwood is pale pink to pale red and dichloromethane stem bark extracts showed moderate antiplasmodial activity in vitronot distinctly demarcated from the sapwood. The grain is often wavy to interlocked, texture moderately coarse. Quarter-sawn surfaces show an attractive stripy figure.

The sapwood wood is pinkish white; medium-weight, with a density of about 760 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content. It air dries fairly well with little splitting or warping, although the heartwood rates of shrinkage are quite high, from green to oven dry 5.9–6.3% radial and 11.3–12.8% tangential. At 12% moisture content, the modulus of rupture is 133–175 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 17,840 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 54–57 N/mm², shear 10.5 N/mm², cleavage 25 N/mm and Chalais-Meudon side hardness 2.6. The wood is rather difficult to saw and work, particularly dried wood; it contains silica. It is recommended to use stellite-tipped saw teeth and tungsten-carbide tipped cutting edges. The wood planes to a smooth surface. It holds nails and screws well, but pre-boring is necessary. It is moderately durable, being quite resistant to fungi and dry-wood borers, and moderately resistant to termites and marine borers. It is darker moderately resistant to impregnation with preservatives. Ethanolic and shiny when sawndichloromethane bark extracts showed moderate antiplasmodial activity in vitro.

DioeciousDeciduous, dioecious, small to medium-sized, much-branched, deciduous tree up to 1520(–40) m tall; bole often fluted, up to 75 cm in diameter, usually on stilt roots up to 4 m high; bark surface grey; crown dense and low branchingmuch-branched; branches fairly robust, twigs reddish brown short-hairy, hollow when drybecoming glabrous, with conspicuous leaf scars conspicuous. Leaves alternatearranged spirally, crowded towards the end of the branches, simple and entire; stipules ovate-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolatespatulate, often slightly asymmetrical, leaf-like, (0.5–)1–2 1–3 cm long, persistent; petiole (3–1.5–)5–93–6(–13–9) cm long, robust; blade obovate to oblanceolate-elliptical, 9–30(–50) cm × 4–17(–25–30) cm, base cuneate to rounded-cuneateor slightly cordate, apex usually rounded, thick-papery to thin-leathery, short-hairy on veins, later almost glabrousbelow, pinnately veined with 7–15(8–)9–12(–20) pairs of lateral veins. Male inflorescence an axillary globular globose to ovoid head 8–10 mm in diameter, female flowers solitary; with peduncle of male inflorescence 2–31–2.5 cm long, with 2–3 small dispersed and up to 12 yellowish bractsup to 1 cm long; involucral bracts 7–10, elliptical-oblong to broadly elliptical-ovate, 5–9 mm × 2–7 mm, strongly concave, outside short-hairy, pale yellow to yellowish greenfemale flowers solitary. Flowers unisexual, 4–5-merous, petals usually absent; male flowers sessile , with c. 9 unequal calyx lobes, several lobes oblong, cup to 1. 1 5 mm long, the others linear, small, stamens 5free, filaments up to c. 2 mm long, rudimentary ovary c. 1 mm long, short-hairy; female flowers with 1–2 cm long pedicel, 6 unequal calyx lobes, shallowly cup-shaped with triangular to rounded, lobes c. 1 mm long, densely short-hairy, ovary superior, ovoidglobose, 3–4 mm in diameter, densely short-hairy, 3(–4)-celled, smoothslightly hairy, styles 3, 3–4.5 mm long, reflexed, 5–6-fid towards apex. Fruit an ovoid to -globose drupe 2.5–3 cm × 1.5–2 2–3 cmin diameter, slightly rough, sparingly short-hairy, greenish becoming brown, with 3(–4) stones, usually 1 seed per each stone1-seeded. Seedling with epigeal germination; hypocotyl 8–9 cm long, channeled, epicotyl c. 2 cm long, finely hairy; cotyledons rounded, up to 3.5 cm wide; first leaves alternate.

''Uapaca'' comprises 50–60 about 50 species from tropical Africa and Madagascar, and is in need of a complete revision.  The fruits of ''Uapaca paludosa'' are eaten by birds such as turacos, and by fruit bats, monkeys, chimpanzees and , gorillasand elephants, which all may disperse the seeds. Uapaca staudtii Pax resembles Uapaca mole in having distinct stipules, but these are ear- or cap-shaped; moreover, it has comparatively narrower leaves and slightly hairy fruits. It is a small to medium-sized tree up to 25 m tall, occurring in riverine and swamp forest from Nigeria to Gabon. The reddish brown wood is used for joinery, interior trim, furniture and railway sleepers. It is also used for charcoal production. The fruits are edible. Uapaca vanhouttei De Wild. (synonyms: Uapaca brieyi De Wild., Uapaca letestuana A.Chev.) also resembles Uapaca mole. It differs in its shorter and narrower stipules, and is a small to medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with stilt-rooted bole up to 65 cm in diameter, occurring from southern Nigeria to DR Congo. Its purplish brown wood is medium-weight with a density of 655–795 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content, fairly hard and moderately durable, and is used for similar purposes as that of Uapaca mole, and also as firewood and for charcoal production. The bark is probably also used for similar purposes in traditional medicine, and the fruits are edible.

''Uapaca paludosamole'' occurs in swamp , lakeside and lakeside riverine forest, fringing forest and but also in rainforest, on slopes and crests as well as in well-drained valley bottoms, up to 1400 m altitude. It prefers soils of granitic origin.

''Uapaca paludosamole'' can be propagated by seed and wildlings. It can be pollarded and coppiced.

There are no signs that ''Uapaca paludosamole'' is threatened by genetic erosion.

The wood is mainly used locally and this situation will probably not change because the stilt roots, the often poor shape of the bole and difficulties in processing the timber limit the possibilities for export. In Central Africa ''Uapaca paludosa'' mole has many medicinal uses. The antiplasmodial activity of the root bark is promising, and more research is warranted to elucidate the chemical compounds and evaluate the potential of these compounds for future medicine development.

 * Mbatchi, S.F., Mbatchi, B., Banzouzi, J.T., Bansimba, T., Nsonde Ntandou, G.F., Ouamba, J.M., BerryTakahashi, A. & Benoit-Vical, F1978., 2006. In vitro antiplasmodial activity Compilation of 18 plants used in Congo Brazzaville traditional medicine. Journal data on the mechanical properties of Ethnopharmacology 104foreign woods (1–2part 3): 168–174Africa. Shimane University, Matsue, Japan. 248 pp.

* Aubréville, A., 1959. La flore forestière de la Côte d’Ivoire. Deuxième édition révisée. Tome deuxième. Publication No 15. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 341 pp.* de Koning, J., 1983. La forêt de Banco. Part 2: La Flore. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 83–1. Wageningen, Netherlands. 921 pp.* de la Mensbruge, G., 1966. La germination et les plantules des essences arborées de la forêt dense humide de la Côte d’Ivoire. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 389 pp.* Fouarge, J. & Gérard, G., 1964. Bois du Mayumbe. Institut National pour l’Etude Agronomique du Congo (INEAC), Brussels, Belgium. 579 pp.* Hawthorne, W.D., 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Tropical Forestry Papers 29. Oxford Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. 345 pp.* Hawthorne, W. & Jongkind, C., 2006. Woody plants of western African forests: a guide to the forest trees, shrubs and lianes from Senegal to Ghana. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. 1023 pp.* Mbatchi, S.F., Mbatchi, B., Banzouzi, J.T., Bansimba, T., Nsonde Ntandou, G.F., Ouamba, J.M., Berry, A. & Benoit-Vical, F., 2006. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of 18 plants used in Congo Brazzaville traditional medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1–2): 168–174.* Vivien, J. & Faure, J.J., 1985. Arbres des forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Paris, France. 565 pp.* Vivien, J. & Faure, J.J., 1996. Fruitiers sauvages d’Afrique. Espèces : espèces du Cameroun. Ministère Français de la Coopération, Paris, France & CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands. 416 pp.* White, L. & Abernethy, K., 1997. A guide to the vegetation of the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. 2nd edition. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States. 224 pp.

Schmelzer, G.H., 2008. '''Uapaca paludosamole''' Aubrév. & LeandriPax. In: SchmelzerLemmens, GR.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & GuribOteng-FakimAmoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA Prota 7(Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale2): Timbers/Bois d’œuvre 2., Wageningen, Netherlands. Accessed {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.