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<big>''[[Toona ciliata]]'' M.Roem.</big>

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Toona ciliata'' (PROTA)}}

:Protologue: Fam. nat. syn. monogr. 1: 139 (1846).

== Synonyms ==

== Vernacular names ==

== Origin and geographic distribution ==

The foliage contains 13–14% crude protein and 14–22% crude fibre, and is reported to have good nutritive value, but poor palatability. Tests in Malawi showed that ''Toona ciliata'' leaves were fairly palatable to sheep. Bark extracts have insect-repellent activity.

Deciduous or nearly evergreen, monoecious, medium-sized tree up to 25(–35) m tall; bole branchless for up to 22 m, up to 50(–100) cm in diameter, with or without buttresses at base; bark surface greyish white to brown, usually fissured and flaking, inner bark brown to reddish, fibrous; crown rounded, spreading. Leaves alternate, paripinnately compound with (5–)9–15 pairs of leaflets; stipules absent; petiole 6–11 cm long, rachis slightly hairy or glabrous; petiolules 2–10(–14) mm long; leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (7–)9–13(–16) cm × (2–) 3–5(–6) cm, asymmetric at base, acute or acuminate at apex, entire, glabrous, pinnately veined. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal, much-branched, pendent panicle up to 55 cm long, hairy. Flowers unisexual, male and female flowers very similar in appearance, regular, 5-merous, fragrant; pedicel 0.5–1 mm long; calyx c. 1 mm long; petals free, 3.5–6 mm long, creamy white; stamens free, 1–2.5 mm long; disk 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, reddish orange; ovary superior, 1–2 mm in diameter, 5-celled, style 0.5–3 mm long, stigma head-shaped; male flowers with rudimentary ovary, female flowers with non-dehiscing anthers. Fruit an ellipsoid to obovoid capsule 1.5–2.5 cm long, pendulous, smooth or with lenticels, reddish brown, dehiscing with 5 slightly woody valves, many-seeded. Seeds 1–2 cm long, winged at both ends with unequal wings. Seedling with epigeal germination; cotyledons leaf-like; first leaves opposite, 3-foliolate with lobed or toothed leaflets.

''Toona ciliata'' grows rapidly. In Hawaii an average tree height of 10 m and an average bole diameter of 9.6 cm had been reached after 8.7 years. Mean annual diameter increment is 0.8–1.8(–2.5) cm. Trees may reach 35 m tall with a bole diameter of 70 cm when 40 years old. In plantations in tropical Africa, growth declines seriously after 40 years. Trees planted in open localities may already flower and produce seed after 6 years. The flowers are pollinated by insects such as bees and moths. Fruits ripen about 3 months after flowering. The seeds are dispersed by wind.

''Toona sinensis'' (A.Juss.) M.Roem. is planted in some African countries, e.g. Uganda and Tanzania, mainly as a roadside tree. It differs from ''Toona ciliata'' in its toothed leaflets and seeds winged at only one end. The wood properties are comparable to those of ''Toona ciliata''.

== Ecology ==

In its natural area of distribution ''Toona ciliata'' occurs in primary as well as secondary forest, often along rivers and in valleys, up to 1500 m altitude, in areas with 800–1800 mm annual rainfall. It is capable of regeneration in full sunlight. It prefers well-drained sites on deep, fertile soils, and does not grow well in sandy localities. It tolerates some drought if the tree is well established. It is frost hardy. In Malawi it grows well in areas at 450–1500 m altitude with 900–1500 mm annual rainfall.

== Management ==

Leaf blight caused by ''Phytophthora'' has been reported from forest nurseries in India. In many regions ''Toona ciliata'' plantations are severely damaged by attacks of tip moth (''Hypsipyla robusta''), which may attack young shoots, flowers, fruits and seeds. Tip moth and some other pests may cause seed losses of up to 97%. ''Toona ciliata'' has been used successfully in South-East Asia for enrichment planting, and was then much less severely attacked by tip moth than when seedlings were planted in the open. The shoot borer ''Hypsipyla grandella'' attacks ''Toona ciliata'' worldwide. In the 1970s in several areas of Malawi many ''Toona ciliata'' trees showed die-back of the branches, locally resulting in 80% mortality. It has been suggested that ''Fusarium'' sp. was the causal organism.

== Genetic resources ==

== Author(s) ==

== Correct citation of this article ==

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