Kappaphycus striatus (PROSEA)

Plant Resources of South-East Asia Introduction

List of species

1, habit; 2, transverse section of a thick branch; 3, detail of the cortical region of 2; 4, transverse section of a thin branch; 5, detail of the cortical region of 4; 6, longitudinal section of a cystocarp.

Kappaphycus striatus (F. Schmitz) Doty ex P.C. Silva

Protologue: P.C. Silva, Basson & Moe, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 79: 334 (1996) ("striatum").

Family: Solieriaceae

Chromosome number: 2n= unknown, possibly 20

Synonyms

• Eucheuma striatum F. Schmitz (1895) ("striata").

Vernacular names

• Indonesia: agar-agar (common name for Eucheuma and Kappaphycus spp.), "cottonii" (common name for all Kappaphycus spp.)
• Philippines: tamsao (northern Luzon, for Eucheuma and Kappaphycus spp.), guso (Visayan, also for species of both genera). Usually the commercial name "cottonii-elkhorn" is considered to refer to K. striatus.

Origin and geographic distribution

K. striatus originates from the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, and is found in Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar and India in the Indian Ocean to Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and the Federal States of Micronesia (Belau and Pohnpei). In South-East Asia it occurs in Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia (eastern Sabah), the Philippines and Papua New Guinea.

Uses

Fresh K. striatus may be consumed as a vegetable and a sweet dessert. The alga produces kappa carrageenan which can be used as a gelling agent, thickener and stabilizer. Applications are mostly in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Most probably a gel prepared from this alga was used by Hesse (1939) to prepare a stable solid medium for microbiology. He applied the Malay name "agar agar" for this gel, but the medium probably consisted of kappa carrageenan, which forms a rigid gel that will retain its form without support. The term "agar", however, in modern phycocolloid nomenclature is applied to a different substance from different algae. Since 1980 the most commonly cultivated "Elkhorn variety" of K. striatus has been replaced by the much faster growing K. alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva.

Production and international trade

In eastern Indonesia, harvesting of natural stock of K. striatus can produce 35-300 t dry material per year. An intensive seaweed culture may produce 4-6 t/ha per month (dry weight). In international trade, K. striatus contributes a much smaller amount to the world market of kappa carrageenan-producing algae than K. alvarezii .

Properties

The kappa carrageenan of K. striatus possesses low quality characteristics, i.e. viscosity 83-309 cps, gelling point 20.5-30.2°C, gel strength 65-177 g/cm², and sulphate content 9.2-26.5%. The infra-red spectrum of this kappa carrageenan peaks at wave numbers 846 and 929/cm indicating 1-3-linked galactose-4-sulphate and 3,6-anhydrogalactose, respectively.

Description

• Plant erect, stiff, up to 40 cm tall, reddish, greenish or yellowish; basal thallus up to 15 mm thick, surface smooth, sometimes with small spine-like papillae.
• Branching irregular or irregularly dichotomous, dense at distal part with acute apices.
• Cross-section of branch showing 2-3 layers of cortical cells; medulla roundish, bigger than cortical cells, irregularly positioned between big and small cells; internal rhizoidal filaments usually present in a core.
• Cystocarps bulb-like, protruding on the surface, irregularly arranged, dense.

Growth and development

In eastern Indonesia, the natural stock of K. striatus appears at the end of the dry season (June-July), and harvesting starts from early October to early December. A daily growth rate of 4-6% is obtained when K. striatus is cultivated with floating bamboo rafts and plants can be harvested about 45 days after planting. In other circumstances growth rates of 1.5-5.5%/d are recorded.

Other botanical information

The status of K. alvarezii as a species separate from K. striatus (and K. inermis (F. Schmitz) Doty ex H.D. Nguyen & Q.N. Huynh) has been challenged on the basis of tetraspore progeny studies. It is suggested that the presence of both dichotomous and decumbent plants in the tetraspore progeny of K. alvarezii may represent the segregation of forms similar to ancestral parent plants, putatively of the very variable species K. striatus. Nor is it certain whether K. inermis and K. striatus really are species that differ from one another.

Ecology

K. striatus inhabits the lower eulittoral to sublittoral zones with sandy hard bottom substrates. The preferred conditions are clear water and rather fast currents. It is very often found in the lower zone of exposed seagrass meadows. Preferred salinity is above 32‰ and day temperature 25-30 °C. Freshwater inflow and rain water can seriously interfere with the growth of this alga.

Propagation and planting

In cultivation, vegetative thallus propagation of K. striatus is a rapid and economic way to produce large amounts of algal biomass. For this the thalli must be healthy, not damaged by herbivory, and not in the reproductive phase. Usually 100-150 g of young thalli is tied together in each cluster or bundle.

Phycoculture

Techniques applied for commercial cultivation of K. striatum are very similar to those of K. alvarezii. Recently, especially the raft method has been applied.

Diseases and pests

"Ice-ice" is a serious disease in cultivated K. striatus. The most common pests are herbivorous fish, which can ruin this algal culture, while invertebrates usually cause insignificant damage.

Harvesting

Methods used for harvesting K. striatus are very similar to those applied for K. alvarezii.

Yield

Clean, dried K. striatus produces 30-88% of kappa carrageenan, depending on the age of the plant. Maximum carrageenan content is achieved at 14-21 days, or a week after its exponential growth phase. However, at that age the biomass is not yet suitable for harvest.

Handling after harvest

The post-harvest handling of K. striatus is similar to that of K. alvarezii.

Prospects

Although the demand in regional and international markets for kappa carrageenan-bearing algae is high, it is not anticipated that K. striatus will regain its once important role.

Literature

• Arfah, H. & Hatta, A.M., 1995. Yield and characters of kappa-carrageenan from Kappaphycus striatum of different culture ages. Perairan Maluku dan Sekitarnya 9: 25-31 (in Indonesian).
• Doty, M.S., 1973. Farming the red seaweed, Eucheuma, for carrageenans. Micronesica 9: 59-73.
• Doty, M.S., 1981. Eucheuma farm productivity. Proceedings of the 8th International Seaweed Symposium. Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge, United Kingdom. pp. 688-691.
• Hatta, A.M., Hermiati, E. & Pujiastuti, S., 1994. Preliminary study on infra-red spectra of carrageenan extracted from several carrageenophytes collected in Kai Kecil Islands, Southeast Maluku. Perairan Maluku dan Sekitarnya 8: 65-74 (in Indonesian).
• Hatta, A.M. & Yulianto, K., 1994. Field culture study on carrageenophyte of Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in Tual waters, Southeast Maluku. Perairan Maluku dan Sekitarnya 6: 57-66 (in Indonesian).
• Santos, G.A., 1989. Carrageenans of species of Eucheuma J. Agardh and Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta). Aquatic Botany 36: 55-67.

Sources of illustration

Weber-van Bosse, A., 1928. Liste des algues du Siboga [List of algae of Siboga]. Siboga-expeditie 59d: fig. 171, p. 424 (portion of an old branch from which new young ones develop); Xia, B. & Zhang, J., 1999. Flora algarum marinarum sinicarum, vol. 2, Rhodophyta, 5. Academiae Sinicae Edita, Beijing, China. Fig. 76, p. 129 (sections). Redrawn and adapted by P. Verheij-Hayes.

Authors

• A.M. Hatta