Inventory of cultivated plants of Cuba (Hammer et al., 1992)

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Cultivated plants of Cuba (Hammer, Esquivel & Knüpffer, 1992)
Inventory of cultivated plants of Cuba (Hammer et al., 1992)

Index of popular names →

The inventory is totally reproduced from the original publication with no change, apart from some obvious typographical errors and the following :

Details of the protologue, basionym and synonyms have been omitted, as they can now better be retrieved through specialized databases.
Use codes have been expanded into words.

Contents :	A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

Nafé, quimbombó
Vegetable (fruit), Oil crop (seeds), Medicinal (fruit, leave, flower)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Already cultivated about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Two main landraces are cultivated in Cuba, the "criollo", with small fruits, and "tarro de chivo" with larger fruits.
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'White Velvet' and 'Perkins Improved' for cultivation. Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) added 'Ipswich Market'.
The varieties 'Cienfuegos 83 (Libio)', 'Clemson Spineless' and 'Criollo' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fernández et al. 1990, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Abelmosco, algalia, ambarina, ambrina
Medicinal (seeds), ornamental
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

Yute de China
Fibre (stem)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile

Goma arábica
Medicinal (chati gum), living fences
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret

Guayaba de Brasil
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Achillea millefolium L.

Milenrama
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Introduced from Czechoslovakia in 1951 by EEA. Escaped from cultivation in Eastern Cuba.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.

Corocho de Jamaica, corojo
Oil crop (fruit), Fibre (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North-America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León 1946, Roig 1975

Acrocomia crispa (H.B.K.) CerealF. Baker ex Becc.

Corojo
Oil crop (fruit), Fibre (leave)
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1975

Acrocomia pilosa León

Corojo
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Eastern Cuba.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Acrocomia subinermis León ex Bailey

Corojo
Oil crop (fruit), Fibre (leave)
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1975

Adansonia digitata L.

Baobab, pan de mono
Medicinal (fruit, bark), shade tree
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Aegiphila martinicensis Jacq.

Lengua de vaca
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1957

Aegle marmelos (L.) Roxb. ex Correa

Bael fruit de la India, membrillo de Australia
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit, root, leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Introduced in 1921 by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle

Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Aeschynomene americana L.

Adormidera cimarrona, pega pega, tamarindillo
Grown for soil improvement
Origin: Central America
In Alain (1974), two varieties are distinguished for Cuba: var. americana and var. glandulosa (Poiroot) Rudd (Aeschynomene glandulosa Poiroot in Lam.).
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Aeschynomene brasiliana (Poiroot) DC.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru
Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951

Aeschynomene fascicularis Schlechtend. et Cham.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Aeschynomene histrix Poiroot

Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Aeschynomene paniculata Willd. ex Vogel

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America

Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl. in Engl. et Drude

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Agave americana L.

Maguey
Hedge plant, ornamental
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1975

Agave decipiens Baker

Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Agave deweyana Trel.

Zapupe verde
Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
The accession PI 20453 was introduced from USA by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Agave fourcroydes Lem.

Henequén
Fibre (leave), living fences
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Couret 1909c, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Agave lespinassei Treleave

Zapupe vincent
Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Yucatán, Mexico, by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Agave neglecta Small

Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Agave rigida Mill.

Henequén
Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Agave sisalana Perrine

Sisal
Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Now mostly cultivated as a hedge plant.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Agave vivipara L.

Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Agave zapupe Treleave

Zapupe azul
Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Mexico by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Aglaia domestica (Correa) Pellegrin in Lecomte

Arbol de la lanza, doekoe, lansio
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Agrimonia
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg

Shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Alain 1974, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983, Roig 1974

Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. in Hook.

Algarrobo de olor, aroma francesa, cabellos de angel, faurestina, forestina, músico
Shade tree, mainly for coffee plantations, Medicinal (leave, flower, seeds), green manure
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Calvino 1922a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Alcea rosea L.

Varita de San José
Medicinal (flower), ornamental plant
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Aleurites fordii Hemsleave in Hook.

Aceite chino
Oil crop (seeds)
Origin: China
Introduced from Central America, was first cultivated in the Experimental Station of Vereda Nueva, Havana.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.

Nogal de India, nogal de jardín, nogal prieto
Oil crop (seeds), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1842, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Aleurites trisperma Blanco

Aleurites
Oil crop (seeds)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Alibertia edulis (L.C. Rich.) A. Rich.

Guayabita de Cuba, pitajoní, pitajoní hembra
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Allamanda cathartica L.

Alamanda, barbero loco, cinco llagas, collazo, flor de barbero, jazmín de la tierra, mala suegra
Medicinal (herb, latex), also ornamental plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Escaped from cultivation.
The var. grandiflora was introduced in 1909 by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974

Allium aff. glandulosum Link et Otto.

Ajo de montaña, ajo porro
Vegetable (leave, bulb), Spice
Origin: Central America
There are still some doubts concerning the identification of this material.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Hammer & Esquivel 1991

Allium canadense L.

Ajo de montaña, ajo porro, cebollino
Vegetable (bulb, leave)
Origin: North America
Not reported before as a cultivated plant.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1992

Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don.

Cebolla corojo, cebolla de diente, cebolla de la tierra, cebolla multiplicadora
Vegetable (bulb, leave), Medicinal (bulb)
Origin: West Asia
Widely used in traditional agriculture because of the high storability of the bulbs in open environment. Several accessions show tolerance to Alternaria porri and the ability to produce flowers and seeds under Cuban conditions.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Allium cepa L. var. cepa

Cebolla
Vegetable (bulb, leave)
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) reported that the only variety grown from seed and worth mentioning was 'Creole'. For commercial purposes, 'Bermuda' is bestem For homegardens, Hermann and Cunliffe (1916) recommended 'White Barletta', 'White Queen', 'White Victoria' and 'Red Rocca'.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Caribe 71', 'Jagua 972', 'Red Creole', 'Texas Early Grano S 502', 'Yellow Granex H1brida F1', 'White Majestic F1'.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Agete 1929, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, Roig 1975

Allium chinense G. Don

Ajo de montaña, ajo porro, cebollino, rackio
Vegetable (bulb, leave)
Origin: China
Not reported for Cuba before our explorations. Collected from Japanese farmers on the Isla de la Juventud, who call it "rackio".
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990

Allium fistulosum L.

Ajo de jardín, cebollín, cebollino, cebollino Español
Vegetable (leave, bulb)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Hammer & Esquivel 1990

Allium porrum L.

Ajo porro, ajo puerro
Vegetable (bulb, leave)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, West Asia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended the following varieties: 'London Summer', 'Carentan Large', 'Large Flag Winter', 'Large Rouen Winter'.
The variety 'Large American Flag' is cultivated today.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Allium sativum L.

Ajo, ajo común
Spice (bulb), Medicinal (bulb)
Origin: China, Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Of the var. sativum, today the varieties 'Guadalupe 15', 'Sancti Spíritus 3', 'Vietnamita' and 'Criollo' are cultivated, the last one being a mixture of different clones.
Possibly the var. pekinense (Prokherb) Maek. was introduced to Cuba by East Asiatic immigrants.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Allium schoenoprasum L.

Cebollino
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China
The variety 'Evergreen Bunching' is reported to be cultivated, probably it belongs to A. fistulosum.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.

Ajo de montaña, cebollino, cebollino chino, nira
Vegetable (bulb, leave, flower)
Origin: China
Not reported for Cuba before our explorations. Collected from Japanese farmers on the Isla de la Juventud. The material collected belongs to the type which is taken by some researchers as A. ramosum.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991

Aloe arborescens Mill.

Aloe, loe, sbila
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Aloe succotrina Lam.

Sbila
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Lima 1983

Aloe vera (L.) NutL. Burm.

Sbila
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Early introduced in the Caribbean by the Europeans.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Alpinia speciosa (Wendl.) K. Schum.

Boca de Dragón, cojate, colonia, dragón, pepu
Medicinal (root, flower, herb)
Origin: BoliviaPeruChile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Althaea officinalis L.

Altea
Medicinal (root, leave, flower)
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, EuropeSiberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Amaranthus cruentus L.

Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile

Amaranthus hybridus L. convar. erythrostachys (Moq.) Thell. ex Aschers. et Graebn.

Bledo
Cereal
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1991

Amaranthus lividus L. convar. oleraceus (L.) Thell. ex Aschers. et Graebn.,

Espinaca, tampala
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Artemisa
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Considered by Alain (1964) as a synonym of A. paniculata Michx. var. peruviana (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. Alain (1974) considered A. elatior L. as a synonym of A. artemisiifolia.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Ambrosia hispida Pursh

Carqueza
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.

Perlas, viznaga
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Anacardium occidentale L.

Marañón
Fruit, Nut, Medicinal (fruit, root, resin), living fences, shade tree
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Piña, piña blanca, piña de la tierra
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit), Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America
Roig (1975) considered A. cubense G. Maza as a synonym of A. comosus. According to Grisebach the aboriginal name of this crop was "anan" (after Roig 1975).
Two main races have been cultivated, "piña blanca" or "piña de la tierra", and "piña morada de Cuba" (Muñoz 1919), with the following cultivars: 'Red Spanish', 'Reine d'Egypte', 'Black Jamaica', 'Grande Trinidad', 'Enville City', 'Abbaka', 'Ananas de Cayenne' or 'Smooth Cayenne', 'Puerto Rico', 'Sugar Loaf'.
Some material was also introduced from Hawaii.
The varieties 'Cabezona', 'Cayena Lisa', 'Cayena de Cuba', 'Española Roja' and 'Piña Blanca' are registered as commercial.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin 1908, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León 1946, Muñoz 1919, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Anchusa azurea Mill.

Buglosa
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Introduced in Cuba by EEA because of medicinal properties similar to Borago officinalis.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Anchusa officinalis L.

Buglosa
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Andropogon gayanus Kunth

Gamba
Fodder
Origin: Africa
The variety 'CIAT621' is cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Anethum graveolens L.

Anís alemán, eneldo
Medicinal (herb, fruit), Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Angelonia salicariaefolia Humb. et Bonpl.

Fernandina, primavera, viuda
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974

Annona cherimola Mill.

Chirimoya
Fruit, in collections
Origin: Central America, BoliviaPeruChile
A. cherimola x A. squamosa = atemoya.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Annona diversifolia Safford

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Annona glabra L.

Bag, guanábana cimmarona, palo bobo
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Dried roots and trunks are used by fishermen as floats and life saving apparatus; also for insulation in refrigeration (Hermann 1951).
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Annona lutescens Safford

Anón amarillo
Fruit, in collections
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Considered probably as a form of A. reticulata L.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1951, Lima 1983

Annona montana Macf.

Guanábana cimarrona, guanábana de loma
Fruit, in collections
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1951

Annona muricata L.

Guanábana
Fruit, Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
According to Maza the aborigin name of this crop was "nabono".
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Annona purpurea Moc. et Sesse ex Dunal

Cabeza de negro, palma marfil
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Annona reticulata L.

Mamón
Fruit, Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Annona salzmannii DC.

Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Annona squamosa L.

Anón
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, bark, fruit)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.

Violeta
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Anredera leptostachya (Moq.) Steenis

Yedra
Medicinal (root)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Alain 1974, Roig 1974

Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.

Perifollo
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.

Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1907 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Antidesma montanum Blume

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Antidesma platyphyllum H. Mann

Fruit, in collections
Originated from Hawaii and other Pacific islands.
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1907 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Apium graveolens L.

Apio
Vegetable (root, leave), Medicinal (root, leave, fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'Golden Self Blanching' for cultivation.
The varieties 'Summer Pascal' and 'Utah5270' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Arachis hypogaea L.

Cacahuete, maní
Oil crop (seeds), Nut, Medicinal (seeds), Fodder
Origin: Central America
García (1909a) mentions the varieties "maní criollo de cutícula blanca" and "maní criollo de cutícula colorada" which originated from Spanish and African material.
The varieties 'Cascajal Rosado' and 'CEMSA 735' are cultivated today.
Both subsp. hypogaea and subsp. fastigiata Waldroot are grown.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Cruz 1929, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Esquivel et al. in press a, Esquivel et al. in press c, Fernández et al. 1990, García Osés 1909a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Arachis pintoi Krapov. et W. Gregory

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Arachis prostrata Benth.

Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Arctium lappa L.

Bardana
Medicinal (root, seeds, leave)
Origin: China, EuropeSiberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ardisia acuminata Willd.

Fruit, living fences
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer

Campanola, ipomea
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Used against "marabú" (Caillea glomerata (Forssk.) Macbr.), a dangerous weed.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft

Afió
Starch (root), Medicinal (root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Considered by Bukasov (1930) as the oldest American cultivated plant; Barrett (1930) notes that the cultivation developed in pre-Inca time (Montaldo 1991).
Introduced in Eastern Cuba by French settlers from Santo Domingo.
Ref.: Barrett 1930, Bukasov 1930, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Artemisia abrotanum L.

Abrotamo, incienso
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Artemisia absinthium L.

Ajenjo, incienso, incienso ajenjo
Medicinal (herb), Spice (leave)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Frequently grown in the gardens. Reported as cultivated around 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990), with the name "ynciencio".
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Artemisia dracunculus L.

Estragón
Spice (leave), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Artemisa
Medicinal (herb, root)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
The variety 'Mugwort' was introduced from USA by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Artocarpus communis J.R. et J.G. Forster Arbol del pan, castaño de Malabar, fruta del pan, guapén, mapén

Starch (fruit, seeds), Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
The bread fruit was introduced to Cuba from South Pacific as supplement food for slaves. Fruit may be eaten raw, but it is not delicious. Usually eaten cooked like cabbage when green or ripe. Seeds are boiled, then dried, ground into flour, and a porridge is prepared.
A seedless form exists also, multiplied only by root cuttings or sprouts from the roots. This variety is mentioned in the story "The Mutiny of the Bounty" (Hermann 1951).
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Guanbana china, jaca, rima
Fruit
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Chinese in Cuba called it "Palo;", which means ananas.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, FAR-IES 1987, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. Jaca, jack fruit, rima

Starch (fruit)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Asparagus officinalis L.

Espárrago
Vegetable (young shoots)
Origin: EuropeSiberia
Reported as cultivated around 1800 by Fernández et al. (1990), with the folk name "espárrago".
Nowadays mostly cultivated as an ornamental. With the same objective several related species are also cultivated, such as A. deflexus Baker, A. meiocladus LéVegetable, A. plumosus Baker and A. sprengeri Regeleave
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Lamsfus 1913b, Roig 1975

Atalantia ceylanica (Arn.) Oliv.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Atalantia citroides Pierre ex Guill. in Lecomte

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Atropa belladonna L.

Belladona
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Formerly in collections. Cultivated mainly on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974

Avena sativa L.

Avena
Cereal, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Averrhoa bilimbi L.

Bilimbi, calamias, grosella china, grosella de Otahití
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Averrhoa carambola L.

Carambola
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

B

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl.

Bambú, caña brava, cañambú, pito
Shade tree, Medicinal (root, bark, leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Roig (1975) reported that the folk name "pito" was used mainly in the province of Camagüey, while "cañambú" in the former province of Oriente. In the Western provinces the name "caña brava" is applied to Gynerium saccharoides Humb. et Bonpl., a species which is known in the rest of the country as "güin".
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Basella alba L.

Alcaparra, espinaca china, espinaca de Malabar
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (root, leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Mostly cultivated by the Chinese in Cuba
The folk name "alcaparra" is applied because the unripe fruits are eaten like those from Capparis spinosa L.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.

Belam-canda
Magic plant, ornamental
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. in DC.

Calabaza china, pepino angolano, pepino chino
Vegetable (fruit), Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Two races have been collected in Cuba (see Esquivel et al. 1988), showing differences in fruit and seed characters.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Bertholletia excelsa Humb. et Bonpl.

Coquito del Brasil
Nut
Origin: Central America
Cultivated only in Pinar del Río.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Beta vulgaris L.

Acelga
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central
Asia, Europe, Siberia
Reported by Austin & Halstead (1908) as very hardy and vigorous, doing well the whole yearoot The varieties 'Lucullus' and 'White Ribber' are cultivated.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Beta vulgaris L. var. vulgaris.

Remolacha
Vegetable (root), Fodder, Medicinal (fruit, leave, root)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central
Asia, Europe, Siberia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended the following varieties for garden and commercial growing: 'Edmonds' Blood
Turnip', 'Extra Early Eclipse', 'Crimson Globe', 'Long Smooth Blood Red', 'Detroit Early Red Turnip', 'Early Blood Turnip', 'Bastian', 'Extra Early Electric', 'Columbia', 'Extra Early Egyptian', 'Bassano'.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Bordeaux', 'Crosby', 'Detroit Dark Red', 'Egipcia', 'Red Cross' and 'Rojo Bordo'.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Fuentes 1988, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, Roig 1975

Bidens pilosa L.

Romerillo blanco
Medicinal (herb, root)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The following infraspecific taxa are reported: var. pilosa; var. minor (Blume) Sherff (syn. B. sandaicus var. minor Blume) only in Isla de la Juventud; var. radiata Scherb-Bip. in Webb et Bertherb (syn. Coreopsis leucantha L., B. leucantha Willd.).
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Bixa orellana L.

Achiote, achote, bija, chote
Industrial (seeds), Spice (seeds), Medicinal (seeds, root, leave), Fodder (seeds)
Origin: Central America
The powder of the seeds is the "achote" or "orellana" of commerce used instead of saffron for colouring rice dishes etc.
Formerly extensively cultivated in the West Indies for manufacturing a red paste, which was shipped to Europe for colouring cheese, wines, etc. (Hermann 1951).
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1991, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Ohler 1970, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Blechum brownei Juss.

Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Blighia sapida Koenig

Akee de Africa, árbol de seso, seso vegetal
Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Africa
Shade tree in coffee plantations.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la
Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.

Ramié
Origin: China
Cultivated varieties have been introduced mainly from USSR and South America by EEA.
Ref.: Crane & Acuña 1946a, Crane & Acuña 1946b, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Boldoa purpurascens Cav. ex Lag.

Meona, nitro, tostón
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Not reported for Cuba as cultivated plant before our explorations. Observed in gardens grown as a medicinal plant.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a

Bombacopsis sessilis (Benth.) Pitt.

Shade tree
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Alain 1974

Bombax ceiba L.

Medicinal
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Indonesia
Reported by Alain (1974) as cultivated.
Ref.: Alain 1974

Borago officinalis L.

Borraja
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
The actual presence of this species in Cuba is doubtful, see remark under Verbascum thapsus.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Borassus flabellifer L.

Oil crop (fruit), Nut, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian
Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng

Camagüeyana, pitilla amaricana
Fodder
Origin: China, Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Bothriochloa macera (Steud.) Blake

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus

Hierba Camagüeyana, hierba de linea, hierba de ovejo, trafogón
Fodder
Origin: Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Bouea macrophylla Griff.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy in DC.

Buganvilea
Living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.,

Buganvilea, flor de papel
Living fences, wind break, ornamental
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1907 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schlechtd.

Santa Rita
Medicinal (herb), also ornamental plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Brachiaria arrecta (Hack.) Stent

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Ogundipe & Olatunji 1992

Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Richerb) Stapf

Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Hammer et al. 1990a

Brachiaria decumbens Stapf

Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Brachiaria dictyoneura (Fig. et De Not.) Stapf

Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Brachiaria nigropedata (Munro) Stapf

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Brachiaria purpurascens (Raddi) Henrard

Hierba bruja, paraná, yerba bruja, yerba de paral, yerba Pará
Fodder
Origin: Africa
As to the systematic problem of Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf, see the remark of Schultze-Motel (1986b, p. 1519).
Roig (1974) considers Panicum purpurascens as a synonym of P. muticum Forssk.; Hermann (1951) mentions this species also as P. numidianum L.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a,
Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Menéndez et al. s.a., Schultze-Motel 1986b

Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Evrard

Kenia ruci, Kenya
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1992, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Pal. Beauv.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel.

Masamorra
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.

Mostaza, mostaza china, mostaza de la tierra
Spice (seeds), Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Africa, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974

Brassica napus L. subsp. napobrassica (L.) Hanelt

Colinabo, nabo, nabo forrajero, rutabaga
Vegetable (root), Fodder (root)
Origin: China, Europe, Siberia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended growing 'Purple Top Improved'. The variety 'Purple Top White Globe' is cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Brassica napus L. subsp. napus.

Colza, nabo
Oil crop (seeds)
Origin: China, Europe, Siberia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended the following varieties of turnips for growing: 'Red Top Globe Shaped', 'Flat Dutch Strap Leaved', 'Golden Ball', 'Large White', 'White Model', 'Early White Melon', 'Burpee's Breadstone', 'Red Top White Globe', 'White Globe Strap Leaved'. Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) added 'Early Purple Strap Leaf.'
Ref.: Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch

Mostaza, mostaza negra
Spice (seeds), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Africa, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala (DC.) Alef.

Berza, bretones
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China, Europe, Siberia
The cultivar 'Georgia' is cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914,Muñoz et al. 1977, Roig 1975

Brassica oleracea L. convar. caulorapa (DC.) Alef.

Colinabo, colirrábano
Vegetable (stem)
Origin: China, Europe, Siberia
The variety 'White Viena' is cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra

(Bailey) Musil.
Berza
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990

Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis

Coliflor
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'Extra Early Summer Snowball' and 'EarlyWhite Snowball' for homegarden cultivation.
The varieties 'Early Snow Ball' and 'Tropical S-3' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.

Col, col de repollo
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended, among others, 'Early Winnigstadt', 'All Season', 'Early Jersey Wakefield', 'Stein's Flat Dutch' for growing. Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) mention 'Charleston Wakefield', 'Improved Flat Dutch', and 'Large Drumhead', among those varieties best adapted for Cuba.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Big Croppers No. 30', 'C-O Cross', 'Eslava', 'Hercules No. 31', 'KK Cross', 'Premium' and 'Y-R Cross No. 50'.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, Lamsfus 1912, Roig 1975

Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC.

Col de Bruselas
Vegetable (leave buds)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Roig 1975

Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.

Vegetable (bulb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) reported success with the following cultivars: 'Early White Vienna' and 'Large White'.
Ref.: Austin & Halstead 1908

Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck

Brócoli
Vegetable (flower)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
The varieties 'Brócili Tropical F-8' and 'D'Sicco' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Brassica oleracea L. var. sabauda L.

Col rizada
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983

Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt

Acelga china, pak tchoi
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China
The variety 'PK-7' is cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Hammer & Esquivel 1990

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.,

Colza, nabina
Oil crop (seeds), Fodder
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt

Col china, col de Pekín
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China
The following varieties are cultivated: 'Verano 6', 'Híbrida F-1 King (No. 14)', 'Híbrida F-1 Tip Top (No. 12)' and 'Nagahoca # 2'.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis Bailey

Mostaza espinaca
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Britoa guazumaefolia (Cambesseeds) D. Legrand

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Bromelia karatas L.

Piñuela
Fruit, Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.1989a, León 1946

Bromelia pinguin L.

Maya, piña cimarrona, piña de cerca, piña de ratón, piñuela
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit), living fences
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Brosimum alicastrum Swartz

Guaímaro, ramón de Méjico
Fruit, Industrial (latex), Medicinal (leave, fruit), green manure
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Calvino 1922a, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, FAR-IES 1987, Roig 1974

Brunfelsia jamaicensis Griseb.

Galán de noche
Magic plant, Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Cultivated in gardens mainly for its aromatic flowers.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fuentes & Granda 1983, Roig 1975

Brunfelsia nitida Benth. in DC.

Galán de noche
Magic plant, Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Used in the same way as B. jamaicensis.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Roig 1975

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Aire, flor de aire, hoja bruja, hoja de aire, inmortal, polipo herbaceo, prodigiosa, siempreviva, víbora
Medicinal (leave), also ornamental plant
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) Richerb ex Juss.

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Bursera angustata Wright in Griseb.

Almácigo de costa, almaciguillo, copal
Medicinal (resin), hedge plant
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Bursera glauca Griseb.

Almácigo rojo, almaciguillo, copal
Medicinal (stem), living fences
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Bursera graveolens (H.B.K.) Triana et Planch.

Laurel sasafras, sasafrás, sasafrás del país
Medicinal (leave), living fences
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Bursera inaguensis Britt.

Almácigo, almaciguillo
Living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Bursera simaruba (L.) Sargent

Almácigo, almácigo amarillo, azucarero
Medicinal (bark, leave), shade tree, living fences
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth

Nance, peralejo de sabana
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

C

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.,

Cacalote, dividivi, guaracabuya
Medicinal (fruit, bark, leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974

Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston

Ataja negro, bracilete horrido, para negro
Living fences
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, West Asia
Introduced from tropical Asia.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.

Clavellina, flamboyanera, guacamaya
Medicinal (leave, seeds), also ornamental plant
Origin: Unknown
Cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics (Wiersema et al. 1990).
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Wiersema et al. 1990

Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth

Gandúa, gandul, guandú, guandul
Pulse, Medicinal (leave, flower), wind break for tobacco plantations, green manure
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Calamintha sylvatica Bromf.

Calaminta
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Introduced from U.K. by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Calamus rotang L.

Caña de la India
Industrial (basketry)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Calathaea allouia (Aubl.) Lindl.

Leirén, llerén, yerén
Starch (root), Medicinal (root)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced in Cuba by immigrants from Santo Domingo and Haití.
Ref.: Barrett 1930, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Calendula officinalis L.

Calendula, copetuda, flor de muerto, mercadela
Medicinal (herb), Vegetable (flower), Spice (flower), ornamental
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Reported as cultivated about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990) with the folk name "flor de muerto".
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, FAR-IES 1987, Fernández et al. 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Calliandra surinamensis Benth. in Hook.

Caliandra
Living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Introduced by EEA from Brasil in 1938 as hedge plant.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Callipedium spicigerum Blake

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Calophyllum antillanum Britt.

Ocuje, palo María
Medicinal (resin), wind break
Origin: Central America
Caribbean.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Calopogonium coeruleum Benth. ex Hemsleave

Ahorca perro, boniato culebra, frijol boniato, jícama, jícama cimarrona, jícama dulce, mata potrero
Starch (root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1991, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Broot

Algodón americano, algodón de seda, cazuela
Fibre, Medicinal (root-bark)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cananga odorata (Lam.) J.D. Hook. et Thoms.

Ilang ilang
Industrial (flower, perfume)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Canarium ovatum Engleave in A. DC.,

Nuez pili
Nut
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Occasionally cultivated.
Ref.: Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.

Bejuco de bibijaguas, canavalia, frijol de bibijagua, haba de caballo
Pulse, Medicinal (seeds), green manure
Origin: China, Indian Subcontinent, Central America
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, García Osés 1909b, Hammer et al.1990a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC.

Frijol café, frijol de machete
Substitute for coffee, green manure for sugarcane plantations
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
The toasted and ground seeds are used as
a substitute for coffee.
Ref.: Crawley 1917, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.

Canella blanca, cúrbana, malambo
Spice (bark, leave), Medicinal (bark, leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Leaves were sold in drugstores as substitute for cinnamon (Hermann 1951).
Ref.: Bisse 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974

Canna edulis Ker-Gawler

Platanillo
Starch (root)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Once grown as a root crop, now probably only ornamental. Barrett (1930) reports crops of 35 t/ha.
Ref.: Barrett 1930, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1974

Capraria biflora L.

Escabiosa
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Capsicum annuum L.

Ají, pimiento
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit), Spice (fruit)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
A variable species in Cuba, mainly due to introgression between commercial varieties and landraces or between landraces, because there is a high incidence of cross pollination under Cuban conditions.
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended the sweet varieties 'Sweet Mountain', 'Chinese Giant' and 'Ruby King' for planting. Hermann and Cunliffe (1916) added 'Large Bell' (sweet), and 'Cayeunes' and 'Chiles' (picant).
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'California Wonder', 'California Wonder L-300', 'Chay', 'Chay Línea 3', 'Español Gigante Linea 16', 'Medalla de Oro', 'Regalo de Moldavia', 'Tropical
CW-3', 'True Heart', 'True Heart Línea 27 A', 'True Heart Línea 28'.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, León & Alain 1957, Muñoz et al. 1977

Capsicum frutescens L.

Ají, ají cachucha, ají guaguao, ají ornamental, pimiento
Spice (fruit), Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
As reported for Cereal annuum, variable populations are often found as a result of introgression between landraces and modern cultivars. The evaluation of landraces against Xanthomonas vesicatoria under natural field conditions of infection revealed that most of them are resistant (Barrios et al., unpublished results).
Espinosa et al. (1988) reported Cereal baccatum L. as a new species for Cuba, on the basis of material collected around Havana. León & Alain (1957) reported Cereal frutescens L. var. baccatum (L.) Irish in the Flora of Cuba. The study of more than 200 Capsicum accessions collected in Cuba shows that the presence of this taxon in Cuba is doubtful, and even though several accessions show characteristics that resemble this taxon, the characters to separate the baccatum, frutescens complex are not easy to appreciate.
The related species Capsicum chinense Jacq. has been cultivated on an experimental scale.
The following varieties are cultivated: 'Cachucha', 'Chile Red Hot', 'Chile Jalapeño', 'Cuerno de Cabra', Long Red Chayenne'.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Espinosa et al. 1988, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Farolito, revienta caballo
Medicinal (root), also ornamental plant
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974

Carica papaya L.

Fruta bomba, papaya
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The wild Cereal prosoposa L. exists in dry forests. Populations with intermediate characteristics have been observed which might be the result of natural introgression.
According to Maza and Bachiller theCarib name of this crop was "ababaya". Plants sometimes dioecious, modern varieties monoecious. Great variation in fruit shape and size. Sap of the fruit yields papayine (pepsin) (Hermann 1951).
The varieties 'Criolla', 'Criolla Mejorada', 'Maradol Amarilla', 'Maradol Roja' and 'Nicaragua # 3' are commercial.
Ref.: Agete 1929, Agete 1931b, Alonso Oliví 1952, Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Carissa arduina Lam.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf.

Fruit, hedge plant
Origin: Unknown
Occasionally cultivated.
Ref.: Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Carissa carandas L.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Carissa edulis Vahl

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.1989a

Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) DC.

Fruit
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957

Carissa spinarum L.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.1989a

Carludovica palmata Ruiz et Pav.

Bombonaxa, hiraca, jipijapa
Fibre
Origin: Central America,
Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1903 (Baró et al. 1985).
Fibres used to make the famous jipijapa or Panama hat, nowadays mostly ornamental.
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Roig 1975

Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) Endleave

Chamulgra
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Roig 1975

Carthamus tinctorius L.

Azafrán bastardo
Industrial (flower, dye), Medicinal (flower, fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Ramos 1911b, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Carum carvi L.

Alcaravea
Spice (fruit), Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Pacana
Oil crop
Origin: North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold

Cabalonga
Medicinal (leave, bark), magic plant
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Casimiroa edulis La Llave et Lex.

Anón canadiense de Güell, mango tarango, sapote blanco
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, fruit, seeds)
Origin: Central America‘
Introduced in Morón sugar mill by a person named Mroot Güell in 1926, therefore it took this folk name.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1913, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Casimiroa tetramera Millsp.

Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Cassia alata L.,

Guacamaya, guacamaya francesa, guacamayón, palo santo, yerba de los empeines
Medicinal (fruit, leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974

Cassia fistula L.

Cañafístola
Medicinal (seeds), ornamental
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1907 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Cassia grandis L. f.

Cañadonga, cañafístola cimarrona
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, PeruîChile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Cassia ligustrina L.

Sen del país
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Roig 1975

Cassia moschata H.B.K.

Cañadonga de hueso
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Cassia occidentalis L.

Hierba hedionda
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America

Cassia siamea Lam.,

Cassia del siam
Green manure, shade tree
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Calvino 1922a

Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc.

Castaño del Japón
Nut
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Castanea sativa Mill.

Castaño
Nut
Origin: West Asia
Introduced from Japan.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Castanospermum australe A. Cunningh. et Fras. ex Hook.

Castaño de la Bahía de Moretón
Shade tree
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Introduced via Cape of Good Hope, Africa, by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Castilla elastica Cerv.

Arbol de hule, castilloa, goma elástica
Industrial (rubber)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, la Sagra 1842, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.

Casuarina
Wind break
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. et J.G. Forster

Pino de Australia
Wind break
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1903 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Casuarina lepidophloia F. Muell.

Casuarina
Wind break
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Casuarina stricta Dryand in Ait.

Casuarina
Wind break
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Bicaria, dominica, vicaria
Medicinal (flower), ornamental
Origin: Africa
Already cultivated by about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cecropia peltata L.

Yagruma
Medicinal (leave, bark)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Roig 1975

Cedrela odorata L.

Cedro
Wind break, shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
"Cigar-box cedar", preservation against insects.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1935b, Roig 1946, Roig 1975

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Ceiba
Magic plant, Industrial (fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Africa, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Similar to the baobab, Adansonia digitata L., an important African magic plant.
Fruits are gathered before opening, and the floss is used for stuffing pillows
and as insulation for refrigeration, as kapok or tree wool (Hermann 1951).
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Celosia argentea L.

Moco de pavo
Magic plant, ornamental
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Already cultivated around 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, Hermann 1951

Cenchrus ciliaris L.

Buffel
Fodder
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The varieties 'Biloela', 'Formidable' and 'Verde azul' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Centrosema acutifolium Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Brazil
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Centrosema arenarium Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Brazil
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

‘Centrosema macrocarpum Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, PeruîChile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Centrosema schottii (Millsp.) Schum.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, PeruîChile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Cercis siliquastrum L.

Algorrobo loco, árbol de amor
Shade tree
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill.

Pitahaya
Living fences, Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Cestrum diurnum L.

Barrehorno, galán de día
Medicinal (leave)
Already cultivated around 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Fernández et al. 1990

Cestrum nocturnum L.

Fedora, galán de noche
Medicinal (herb), aromatic (flower), ornamental
Origin: Central America
Used in the same way as Brunfelsia spp.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Apasote, apazote
Medicinal (herb), magic plant
Origin: Central America
Cultivated already about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Chenopodium botrys L.

Biengranada
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

Quinoa
Fodder, Cereal
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Chloris bahiensis Steud.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Chloris barbata Sw.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Alain 1974, Hammer et al. 1992

Chloris gayana Kunth

Rhodes
Fodder
Origin: Africa
The variety 'Callide (Gigante)' is cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Chloris petraea Sw.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.

Fustete, mora, mora blanca, mora de loma, mora de piedra, mora del país
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957

Chrysanthellum americanum (L.) Vatke

Manzanilla, manzanilla de América, manzanilla del país
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974

Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.

Yerba de Santa María
Spice (herb), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Fernández et al. 1990

Chrysobalanus icaco L.

Hicaco, icaco, icaco cimarrón, jicaco
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.

Caimito blanco, manacabo
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1957

Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Caimito
Fruit, Medicinal (bark, leave, fruit)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.

Caimitillo, caimito cimarrón
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957

Cicer arietinum L.

Garbanzo
Pulse, Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a,Hammer et al. 1991, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Cichorium endivia L.

Achicoria blanca, escarola
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Cichorium intybus L.

Achicoria de Bruselas
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (root, leave, flower)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommend 'Giant Fringed', a strong hardy variety giving up to three pounds per plant, for cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fortún 1911, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees in Wall.

Canela de China
Spice (bark, fruit), Medicinal (bark, leave, flower), shade tree
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1901 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.

Alcanfor
Medicinal (bark, leave), Industrial (wood)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl

Canela de Ceylán
Spice (bark), Medicinal (leave, flower, bark)
Origin: China, Indian Subcontinent
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1901 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Citharexylum ellipticum Moc. et Sesse ex D. Don

Anacagüita, anacahuita, verbenato
Medicinal (herb), living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Mexico and escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Coloquíntida
Medicinal (fruit, seeds)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
According to Roig (1975) it was introduced relatively recently as a medicinal plant, but we have found it growing wild on the Southern coast of Guantánamo province (Esquivel et al. 1990c).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Roig 1975

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura et Nakai

Melón bangaño, melón colorado, melón de agua, sandía
Fruit, Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Austin & Halstead (1908) reported good results with the following varieties: 'Florida Favorite', 'Alabama Sweet', and 'Black Diamond'. Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) added 'Dixie', 'Rattlesnake', 'Cuban Queen' for export, and 'Kleckly Sweet' and 'Sweetheart' for domestic consumption.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Charleston Gray', 'Sugar Baby', 'Tropical CH-2' and 'Victoria'.
Hermann (1951) reports spontaneously growing plants (Cereal colocynthis L.).
Ref.: Alain 1964, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fernández et al. 1990, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Citrus amblyocarpa Ochse

Grafting stock
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. et Panz.) Swingle

Lima criolla, lima de Ranüur, limón criollo, naranja lima
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit, bark)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Cultivated, but also escaped from cultivation.
The cultivars 'Mejicana' and 'Persa', and the form 'Persa SRA-58' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Citrus aurantium L.

Naranja agria, naranja de Cajel
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, flower, fruit), grafting stock
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Hermann (1951) writes that all Citrus sp. were introduced to the American
continent by the early settlers as seed.
The so-called native orange is still grown from seed and is still called China orange, "Naranja de China". 'Agria' with it forms 'Agrio # 1' and 'Agrio # 2' are used as grafting stocks.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit.

Bergamota
Fruit, Medicinal (flower, leave, fruit), in collections
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

Citrus deliciosa Ten.

Mandarina
Fruit
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Citrus depressa Hayata

Mandarina shekwasha
Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

‘Citrus hystrix DC.

Fruit, Spice (fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Citrus ichangensis Swingle

Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus jambhiri Lush.

Limón rugoso
Fruit, mostly used as grafting stock for other Citrus species
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka in Siebold

Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus latifolia Tanaka

Lima persa
Fruit
Origin: Tahiti and other Pacific Islands
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus limetta Risso

Lima, limero dulce, limón dulce
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cunliffe & Hermann 1916, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1975

Citrus limettioides Tanaka

Lima dulce
Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus limon Burm. f.

Limón, limón agrio, limón persa, limón verdadero
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
'Eureka' is cultivated.
Hybrids Citrus limon x Citrus medica L. are known under the folk names "limón chino", "limón dulce" and "limón francés".
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Cunliffe & Hermann 1916, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Citrus limonia Osbeck

Lima rangpur, limón dulce, limón francés dulce
Fruit
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Citrus macrophylla Wester

Macrofila
Grafting stock
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus macroptera Montr.

Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus madurensis Lour.

Calamondín, naranjita de San José
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Grape-fruit, pomelo, toronja, toronja criolla
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Citrus medica L.

Cidra, cidrón
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, flower, fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, West Asia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de laMaza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al.1990a, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Citrus myrtifolia Raf.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: China, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus paradisi Macf. in Hook.

Toronja
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, fruit)
Origin: Central America
Originated in the Caribbean.
The varieties 'Marsh' and 'Ruby' and the forms 'Frost Marsh', 'Frost Marsh JBC-430', 'Marsh Jibarito', 'Ruby mejorada' and 'Ruby Jagüey nucelar' are cultivated.
Citrus paradisi x Citrus reticulata = "tangelo Orlando", the corresponding cultivar is called 'Orlando'.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Cunliffe & Hermann 1916, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1951, Lima 1983, Roig 1975

Citrus reshni (Engler) Tanaka

Mandarina Cleopatra
Grafting stock
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus reticulata Blanco

Mandarina
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, fruit), grafting stock
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Indian Subcontinent
'Cleopatra' is used as grafting stock.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Cunliffe & Hermann 1916, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de laMaza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al.1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Naranja de China, naranja de ombligo, naranja de Valencia, naranja dulce
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, fruit, flower)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Citrus sinensis x Citrus reticulata = "tangor Ortanique".
Citrus sinensis x Citrus grandis = "chironja".
Mainly the following varieties have been cultivated: 'China No. 1', 'China No. 2' and 'China No. 3', 'Lambs Summer', 'Ruby', 'Centenial', 'Parson Brown', 'King', 'Magnum Bonum', 'Valencia',
'Pineaple', 'Ombligo', 'Mallorca', 'Sin Semillas', 'Madam Vinous', 'Homossana', 'Brazilian', 'Mediterráneo', 'Seville', 'Golden Nugget', 'Navet' and 'Du-Roi'. 'Valencia' and its forms 'Bayate Valencia', 'Campbell Valencia', 'Olinda Valencia', 'Valencia Criolla', and 'Valencia V-27' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin 1906, Cañizares 1982, Cunliffe & Hermann 1916, EEA 1919, EEA 1920, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Lima 1983, Roig 1975

Citrus tachibana Tanaka

Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus taiwanica Tanaka et Shimada

Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus tangerina hort. ex Tanaka

Fruit
Origin: China
Considered by Roig (1975) as a form of Citrus reticulata. The cultivar 'Dancy' introduced from the United States belongs to this species. It is cultivated today as well as 'Dancy mejorada'.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, EEA 1912, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Citrus volkameriana Pasq.

Volkameriana
Grafting stock
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Citrus webberi West.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels

Lansio
Fruit
Origin: China
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Clerodendrum philippinum Schau.

Mil flores
Medicinal (flower)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia

Clitoria ternatea L.

Conchita azul, conchita azul doble
Fodder, Medicinal (flower), ornamental
Origin: Africa, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fantz 1991, Hermann 1951, Menéndez et al. s.a., Morton 1983

Clusia rosea Jacq.

Copey, cupey
Medicinal (leave, bark, resin), mainly grown as an ornamental plant
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974

Cnicus benedictus L.

Cardo santo
Medicinal (herb), formerly cultivated in collections
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

Pepinillo cimarrón
Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Hermann (1951) reports that it also grows wild. The young fruit is eaten like cucumber.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951

Coccoloba laurifolia Jacq.

Uvilla
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951

Coccoloba pubescens L.

Oreja de elefante
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Coccoloba retusa Griseb.

Icaquillo, uvilla
Fruit
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.

Uva caleta, uvero
Fruit, Medicinal (root, fruit), Industrial (fruit, bark), shade tree, sand dune fixation
Origin: Central America
Fruit and bark astringent with tannic acid. Bark used in tanning leather.
In Sierra de Rangel, Pinar del Río, natural hybrids between this species and Coccoloba diversifolia were found.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.

Botija, palo bobo
Medicinal (wood, leave, flower), living fences
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al.
1991, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Cocos nucifera L.

Coco, cocotero, palma de coco
Fruit, Oil crop (fruit), Fibre (fruit), Medicinal
(fruit)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Several landraces are cultivated, as "coco blanco", "coco morado" and "coco indio", differing in fruit
size and colouroot The cultivars 'Café con leche', 'Cobrizo', 'Criollo', 'Chocolate', 'Enano Malayo
Verde', 'Enano Malayo
Amarillo', 'Enano Malayo Rojo', 'Indio Amarillo', and 'Indio Verde' are commercial.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Couret 1909c, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Johnston 1915, León 1946, Roig 1975

Codariocalyx gyroides (Roxb. ex Link) Hassk.

Amor seco
Fodder
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992‘

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume

Croto, croton
Living fences, ornamental
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Coffea arabica L.

Café
Industrial (s., beverage), Medicinal (fruit, flower)
Origin: Africa
Introduced in Cuba by Antonio Gelabert.
The cultivars 'Catuai', 'Caturra Rojo', 'Mundo Novo' and 'Villalobo', and hybrids 'Isla-5-1' to 'Isla-5-8' and 'Isla-6-9' to 'Isla-6-17' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Agete 1931a, Alain 1964, Anon. 1989, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner

Grafting stock for Coffea arabica
Origin: Africa
The cultivar 'Robusta' is cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Hammer et al. 1990a

Coffea liberica Bulleave ex Hiern

Café de Liberia
Industrial (s., beverage)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Coffea zanguebariae Lour.

Café de Zanzíbar
Industrial (s., beverage), grafting stock for Coffea arabica
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Romanet) Stapf

Lagrimas de Job, millo chino, Santa Juana
Starch (seeds)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia‘
Occasionally grown by Chinese farmers as a starch crop.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1991, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, León 1946

Cola acuminata (Pal. Beauv.) Schott et Endleave

Cola
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott et Endleave

Cola, nuez de cola
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott et Endleave

Malanga isleña, ñame isleño
Starch (root), ornamental
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
The stem and tubers are edible, the folk names "ñame isleño" and "malanga isleña" are applied respectively for such parts. This species is progressively replaced by Xanthosoma sp. Also escaped from cultivation.
The clones 'Camerun 14', 'MC-2' and 'Rosada Habana' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Anon. 1989, Barrett 1930, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1990a, León 1946, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1975

Commelina elegans H.B.K.

Canutillo
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León 1946,
Roig 1975

Commelina longicaulis Jacq.

Canutillo
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León 1946, Roig 1975

Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L.

Copaiba
Medicinal (balsam)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a,
Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Corchorus capsularis L.

Yute
Fibre (stem),
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Once cultivated.
Ref.: Couret 1909c, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Corchorus olitorius L.

Grengue, grénguere, gringuelé, ñénguere, yute
Fibre, Vegetable (leave), used as a substitute for okra
Origin: China
Cultivated in Africa; formerly used by slaves to prepare some dishes. Roig (1975) reported the existence of a possible wild form whose leaves are eaten by coloured people instead of the fruits. The same folk names are applied to related species as Cereal hirsutus L. and Cereal pililobus Link.
Ref.: Couret 1909c, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Corchorus siliquosus L.

Malva té
Fibre
Origin: Unknown
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz et Pav.) Cham.

Varía, varía colorada, varía prieta
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Bisse 1988, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957

Cordia angiocarpa A. Richerb

Bomitel amarillo, bomitel blanco, cautel
Medicinal (bark)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Cordia boissiera DC.

Anacahuita
Medicinal (flower)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Cordia collococca L.

Ateje
Fruit, Medicinal (root, leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cordia sebestena L.

Aloe, anacagüita, avellano, vomitel colorado
Medicinal (fruit), Fruit, Nut (seeds)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Coriandrum sativum L.

Cilantro, cilantro de Castilla, culantro, culantro de Castilla
Spice (leave, seeds), Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Costus speciosus (Koenig) J.E. Smith

Caña americana, cañuela santa
Medicinal (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Costus spicatus Sw.

Caña de la India
Medicinal (root)
Origin: Central America
Haiti.

Crescentia cujete L.

Güira, güira cimarrona, güira común, güira larga, totumba
Medicinal (flower, fruit, wood), bowles
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central America
Larger bowles called "güiras", smaller ones "jícaras". Fruits used for musical instruments called "maracas" (Hermann 1951). With eye-holes used to camouflage swimming hunter who pulled down individual birds without disturbing the flock (Columbus, cited after Mabberley 1987).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Mabberley 1987, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Crotalaria atrorubens Hochst. ex Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Crotalaria juncea L.

Green manure
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Calvino 1918a

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth

Erosion control, green manuring
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Acuña et al. 1967, Hammer et al. 1990a

Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb.) R. Broot

Estrella de Norte
Industrial (caoutchouc), Fibre (stem), once cultivated
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957

Cucumis melo L.

Melón, melón cantaloup, melón de Castilla, melón de olor, melón de Valencia, melón moscatel
Fruit
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central
Asia, West Asia, Africa
Introduced into Cuba from the Mediterranean area.
The "Cantaloup" type is also called "meloncito de olor". Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) reported the 'Large Yellow Cantaloupe' and similar types for domestic consumption, and 'Rockyford' and 'Hackensack' for export.
The varieties 'Hale's Best' and 'Honey Dew' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Austin & Halstead 1908, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Cucumis sativus L.

Pepinillo, pepino
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Indian Subcontinent
Austin & Halstead (1908) reported that all varieties tested gave poor results.
Hermann and Cunliffe (1916) mentioned 'White Spine', 'Long Green' and 'Green Prolific'.
The following varieties are cultivated: 'Ashley Linea I-RP', 'Explorer', 'Pioneer', 'Premier', 'Hatuey 1 (Heiva-S-1)', 'Japonés' and 'Poinsett'. The related wild species Cereal anguria and Cereal dipsaceus are reported for Cuba, but according to the study of collected material the presence of the first is doubtfuleave
Ref.: Agete 1927, Alain 1964, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fuentes 1988, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, Muñoz et al. 1977, Roig 1975

Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber

Pipian
Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Collected by us on the Isla de la Juventud in 1988 (collection number P. 2034). Possibly introduced from Nicaragua.

Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché

Chilacayote azteca
Vegetable (fruit), Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Mexico by EEA.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Cucurbita maxima Ducherb ex Lam.

Calabaza amarilla, calabaza de caballo, pipián
Fodder (fruit), Vegetable (fruit), Fruit, Medicinal (s., fruit)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The following varieties were introduced from USA by EEA: 'Early Sugar', 'Large Cheese', 'Hubbard', 'Mammoth', 'Chile', 'Deliciosa', 'Boston' and 'Portugal'.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Austin & Halstead 1908, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cucurbita moschata (Ducherb ex Lam.) Ducherb ex Poiroot

Calabacín, calabaza, calabaza amarilla
Vegetable (fruit), Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The following varieties were introduced by EEA and have been formerly cultivated: 'Japanese Pie Pumpkin', 'Tenesse Sweet Potato Pie', 'Chinese Pumpkin' and 'Yokohama'. Today the varieties 'CEMSA 82-1', 'Cuba C-85-74' and 'RG' are mainly cultivated.
Usually variable populations are found, because of high cross pollination. Most of the material collected is derived from the 'RG' variety, but old landraces such as "cuero de sapo" and "sello de oro" have also been collected.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al.1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Hammer & Esquivel 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Cucurbita pepo L.

Calabaza, calabaza bonetera de Cuba, calabaza enana italiana
Vegetable (fruit), Fruit, green manure
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Already cultivated by about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990), with the folk name "zandía".
Roig (1975) reported several infraspecific taxa.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Austin & Halstead 1908, Calvino 1918a, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Fernández et al. 1990, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1975

Cuminum cyminum L.

Comino
Spice (s., leave), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Mostly seeds imported, but also cultivated.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Curcuma australasica Hook. f.

Cúrcuma
Spice (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian
Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Curcuma longa L.

Cúrcuma, raíz de Madras, yuquilla
Spice (root), Medicinal (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Probably introduced by French settlers and later escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Caña limón, caña santa, cañita de limón, yerba de calentura, yerba de limón
Medicinal (leave), aromatic plant, soil erosion control
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Used in Yateras, Guantánamo, to avoid soil erosion in vegetable gardens in the mountains. Source of citronella oileave
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez & Roig 1960, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle

Citronela
Medicinal (leave), aromatic plant
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Introduced from Puerto Rico in 1946 by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cynara cardunculus L.

Cardo de comer
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Cynara scolymus L.

Alcachofa
Vegetable (flower), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Cultivated in fields around Havana about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Bermuda, grama, marítima, yerba fina
Fodder, Medicinal (herb, root)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst

Pasto estrella
Fodder
Origin: Africa
The varieties 'Jamaicano', 'Panameño' and 'Tocumén' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilger

Pasto estrella
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Cyperus esculentus L.

Chufa
Oil crop (root)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Acuña et al. 1967, Esquivel et al. 1986, Hammer et al. 1990a

Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtner

Tomate árbol
Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Only in collections and/or experimental fields. Introduced to Cuba by EEA, usually grafted on Solanum torvum or S. mammosum.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Ponce de León 1910, Roig 1975

D

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.

Pata de gallina, yerba bruja
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Dahlia coccinea Cav.

Dalia
Medicinal (root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Dahlia pinnata Cav.

Dalia
Medicinal (root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974,
Roig 1975

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Dalbergia
Soil erosion control
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Datura candida (Perseeds) Pasq.

Bijaura, campana
Medicinal (leave, flower)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
A beverage is prepared from the leaves and flowers, and cigars are made from the leaves, especially for asthma sufferers. Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Xiqués et al. 1986

Datura ceratocaula Ort.

Chamico silvestre
Medicinal (herb), in collections
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Mexico. Cultivated only on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Granda 1983, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Datura cubensis Fuentes

Campana
Medicinal (leave, flower)
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Possibly a natural hybrid between D.candida and D. suaveolens.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Xiqués et al. 1986

Datura ferox L.

Medicinal (leave), in collections
Origin: Central America
Cultivated only on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Granda 1983, Hammer et al. 1992, Xiqués et al. 1986

Datura inoxia Mill.

Campana, chamico
Medicinal (leave, fruit, seeds)
Origin: Central America
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Xiqués et al. 1986

Datura leichhardtii F. Muell. ex Benth.

Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Granda 1983

Datura metel L.

Campana, campanilla, chamico, chamico de la Judea, chamico de la tierra, chamico morado, clarín, clarín blanco, rúnica de Cristo
Medicinal (leave, flower)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
The following two varieties are cultivated in Cuba: var. metel and var. fastuosa
(Bernherb) Danert. The synonym D. fastuosa and the folk names "campana", "chamico de la Judea", "chamico de la tierra", "chamico morado", "rúnica de Cristo" apply to the latter which is cultivated mainly as an ornamental for its double or triple flowers.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Granda 1983, Roig 1975, Xiqués et al. 1986

Datura stramonium L.

Chamico, chamico azul, clarín
Medicinal (flower, leave), in collections
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
"Jemison weed" (really Jamestown weed) was brought to Jamestown from Europe in ballast earth (Hermann 1951).
The following varieties are cultivated: var. stramonium, var. godronii Danert, var. tatula (L.) Torroot
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Xiqués et al. 1986

Datura suaveolens Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd.

Campana
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Brasileave
Cultivated in gardens as an ornamental and medicinal plant, but escaped from cultivation and grows wild mainly in the Sancti Spiritus and Guantánamo provinces.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975, Xiqués et al. 1986

Datura wrightii Regel

Clarín
Medicinal (leave), in collections
Origin: Central America, North America
Wild in dry areas of the Guantánamo province. Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Xiqués et al. 1986

Daucus carota L.

Zanahoria
Vegetable (root), Medicinal (root, fruit)
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions,
Europe, Siberia
Roig (1975) reported a wild form which is used as ornamental in flower bouquets, the folk name "encaje" is applied which probably is an adaptation of 'Queen-Annes-Lace'.
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended the following varieties for planting: 'Carentan', 'Nantes', 'Half Long Danvers'. Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) added 'Early Scarlet Horn'.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Chantenay', 'Karola', 'Nanstkaya', 'Neu Kuroda', 'Perfecta', 'Tropical CH-4' and 'Tropical NK-6'.
Material collected in the Southern coast of Guantánamo province produces flowers and seeds freely.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.

Acacia, flambo, flamboyant, framboyan, framboyán rojo
Shade tree
Origin: Africa
Roig (1975) cited Fernández, who considered that it was introduced from Martinica.
According to Baró et al. (1985) introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1901.
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Mabberley 1987, Roig 1975, Wiersema et al. 1990

Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC.

Amor seco, estampilla
Fodder
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

Desmodium cinerascens A. Gray

Fodder, in collections
Origin: North America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Desmodium discolor Vogel

Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Desmodium distortum (Aubl.) Macbroot

Fodder
Origin: Central America, China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951

Desmodium elegans DC.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Desmodium hassleri (Schindler) Burkart

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Occurs in Argentina (Misiones) and Paraguay.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Desmodium incanum DC.

Amor seco
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America
The Antillean names "kaimi" and "pega-pega" are reported by Hanelt (1986).
Ref.: Hanelt 1986b

Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb.

Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Desmodium leiocarpum (Spreng.) G. Don

Mermelada de caballo de Brasil
Fodder, Fibre
Origin: Brasil
Cultivation for forage started in Brasil about 1890. Introduced for acclimatization into Italy by Droot Rossi in 1907. 1908-1914 acclimatization experiments in Mexico, from there in 1917 to EEA, with good results.
Ref.: Calvino 1919

Desmodium obtusum (Muhlenbulb ex Willd.) DC.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951

Desmodium sandwicense E. Meyer

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Natural distribution - Oceania.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv.

Amor seco
Fodder
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.

Green manure
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Calvino 1918a

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.

Amor seco
Fodder, Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

‘ÑO!‘Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf

in Prain

Camagüeyana, jiribilla, pasto mejicano,

pitilla, pitilla americana, pitilla villareña
Fodder
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, West Asia, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Dichanthium aristatum (Poiroot) CerealE. Hubbulb

Angleton, jiribilla gigante
Fodder
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A. Camus

Camagüeyana, cuero de vaca, jiribilla
Fodder
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Dichondra micrantha Urb.

Alfombra, dichondra, violeta japonesa
Covering plant for soil erosion control
Origin: China
Used as lawn grass for shady places.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957

Digitalis ferruginea L.

Digital
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Digitalis lutea L.

Digital
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Digitalis purpurea L.

Digital
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Digitaria decumbens Stent

Pangola
Fodder
Origin: Africa
The varieties 'Común' and 'PA-32' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Digitaria macroblephara (Hack.) Stapf in Prain

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Digitaria pentzii Stent

Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

Don Juan del Castillo, grama, pata de gallina, pata de gallina fina
Fodder
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Europe, Siberia, North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Digitaria x umfolozi D.W. Hall

Fodder
Origin: North America
Ref.: Menéndez et al. s.a.

Digitaria valida Stent

Pangola gigante
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Dillenia indica L.

Fruit, a sirup is made from the sepals of the flowers
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.

Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Longán, mamoncillo chino
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la
Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Dioscorea alata L.

Ñame, ñame blanco, ñame bobo, ñame bombo, ñame cola de pato, ñame de Guinea, ñame morado, ñame negro, ñame peludo
Starch (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Africa
Origin (after Vavilov 1951): Burma and Assam.
In the African Mande language, "nyam" means "eat" (Montaldo 1991).
The folk name "ñame amarillo" mentioned in Esquivel et al. (1989a) does not apply to this species.
The clones 'Amarillo', 'Belep', 'Chino Blanco', 'Guinea', 'Irat-72' and 'Pacala Duclos' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1975, Vavilov 1951

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Ñame, ñame volador, papa voladora
Starch (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Roig 1975

Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.

Ñame, ñame amarillo, ñame oriental
Starch (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Africa
Very large tubers; not as popular as the white ñame.
Alain (1974) considered D. cayenensis as a synonym of D. villosa L.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1975

Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill

Bondá, ñame boniato, ñame papa
Starch (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Introduced via Puerto Rico from Golden Coast, Africa.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1975

Dioscorea opposita Thunb.

Ñame chino
Starch (root)
Origin: China
The material collected from the Isla de la Juventud probably belongs to this species.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Dioscorea rotundata Poiroot in Lam.

Ñame blanco
Starch (root)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Dioscorea trifida L. f.

Ñame llampín, ñame mapuey
Starch
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Tropical America (Lesser Antilles and Venezuela).
Ref.: Montaldo 1991, Roig 1975

Diospyros blancoi DC.

Durazno de México, mabolo, mangostán de la India, melocotón de Méjico, sapote de la India
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Diospyros crassinervis (Krug et Urb.) Standleave

Ébano carbonero, tagua-tagua
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957

Diospyros digyna Jacq.

Ébano, ébano carbonero, ébano real, manatí, sapote negro, tagua-tagua
Fruit, shade tree
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Diospyros kaki Thunb.

Kaki, kaki de Japón, sapote chino
Fruit
Origin: China
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Diospyros lotus L.

Fruit
Origin: China, Central Asia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex DC.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Dipteryx panamensis (Pitt.) Record ex Mell

Nut, only in collections
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Richerb) Warbulb

Fruit, only in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Dovyalis caffra (J.D. Hook. et HarVegetable) J.D. Hook.

Manzana de kei, uva crispa de Ceilán
Fruit, living fences
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardn.) Warbulb

Aberia
Fruit
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Durio zibethinus Murroot

Durion, erizo de árbol
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

E

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richerb

Cohombrillo
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench

Equinacea
Medicinal (herb, root)
Origin: North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link

Armilán, grama pintada
Fodder
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Roig 1975

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Pal. Beauv.

Arrocillo
Fodder
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hermann 1951

Echinochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitchc.

Yerba corzo

Fodder
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946,
Menéndez et al. s.a.

Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. et Chase

Alpiste, yerba de antílope
Fodder (leave, seeds)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Elaeagnus latifolia L.

Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

Aobara, corojo de Guinea
Oil crop (seeds)
Origin: Africa, Central America
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1921 (Baró et al. 1985).
Roig (1975) cited Maza, who considered its African name as "aobara".
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de laMaza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

Cardamo, cardamomo
Spice (fruit, seeds), Industrial (fruit, s., perfume)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Eleusine coracan (L.) Gaertn.

Millo africano
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Introduced by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1975

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Grama, grama de caballo, pata de gallina
Fodder, Cereal
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Willd.) Griseb.

Algarrobo francés, árbol de las orejas, oreja, oreja de judio
Shade tree
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees

Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.

Achicoria de cabra
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: North America
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) J. Lindl.

Níspero del Japón, zapote del Japón
Fruit
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv. ex Hamilt.

Yerba caribe
Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Eruca sativa Mill.

Mostaza
Spice (seeds)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b

Eryngium foetidum L.

Cilantro, cilantro de Cartagena, culantro, culantro de Cartagena, culantro sabanero, orégano de Cartagena
Spice (leave), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Fig. 14.29
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Erythrina abyssinica Lam.

Piñón
Medicinal (leave, bark)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Erythrina americana Mill.

Piñón
Medicinal (leave, bark)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Erythrina berteroana Urb.

Piñón de cerca, piñón de pito
Medicinal (leave), living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Boys use flowers as whistles (Hermann 1951).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Erythrina carnea Ait.

Piñón de pito
Shade tree
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Erythrina corallodendron L.

Piñón de sierra
Medicinal (leave, bark), living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Erythrina crista-galli L.

Piñón francés
Medicinal (leave, bark)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Erythrina cubensis Wright in SauVegetable

Hedges and living fences
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1991

Erythrina grisebachii Urb.

Piñón real
Living fences
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Erythrina herbacea L.

Medicinal (leave, bark)
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Erythrina mitis Jacq.

Bucare, piñón de pito
Medicinal (leave), living fences, shade tree
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook

Bucare, piñón de sombra
Shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Erythrina senegalensis DC.

Medicinal (leave, bark)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Erythroxylum coca Lam.

Coca de Nueva Granada, coca del Perú
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Introduced by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Erythroxylum longipes O.E. Schulz in Urb.

Magic plant
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Bisse 1988, Esquivel et al. 1990b

Eucalyptus botryoides Smith

Caoba de los pantanos
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. in Mitcherb

Eucalipto de olor a limón, eucalipto limón
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Eucalyptus globulus Labilleave

Eucalipto
Medicinal (leave), wind break, soil erosion control
and reforestation
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Eucalyptus resinifer Smith in White

Caoba de los bosques, eucalipto
Medicinal (leave), soil erosion control and reforestation, wind break
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Eucalyptus robusta Smith

Caoba de los pantanos
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Eucalyptus saligna Smith

Eucalipto saligna
Medicinal (leave), soil erosion control and wind break for fruit tree plantations
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Eugenia aeruginea DC.

Comecará, guairaje
Hedge plant
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hermann 1951

Eugenia coronata Schum. et Thonn.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Eugenia dombeyi (Spreng.) Skeels

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Eugenia guabiju Berg in Mart.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd.

Arraiján, biriji, cateicito
Fruit, Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Eugenia luschnathiana (Berg) B.D. Jacks.

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Eugenia punicaefolia (H.B.K.) DC.

Cerezo del Pinar
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.
1989a, León & Alain 1953

Eugenia uniflora L.

Cereza de Brasil, cerezo de Cayena, cerezo de Surinam, pittanza
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Eugenia uvalha Cambess. in Starch-Hileave

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Eupatorium ageratifolium DC.

Rompezaragüey
Medicinal (herb), magic plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Roig 1975

Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small

Copal, falso copal
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Roig 1975

Eupatorium hemipteropodum Robins.

Trébol criollo, trébol de olor, trebolillo, tribulillo
Medicinal (herb), aromatic plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Rompezaragüey
Medicinal (herb), magic plant
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Eupatorium villosum Swartz

Abre camino, albahaca de sabana, albahaquilla, rompezaragüey, rompezaragüey de sabana, travesera, trebolillo, tribulillo, zanca de grullo
Medicinal (herb), magic plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
A variable species in Cuba according to leaf characteristics. Some morphotypes have specific distribution and have been considered as species: E. lindenianum A. Richerb, E. poeppigii Urb., and E. cynanchifolium DC. Alain (1964) reported that all intermediate forms between them can be found, therefore these names should be considered as synonyms of E. villosum.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Euphorbia lactea Haw.

Cardón, cardón cerebriforme, escardón, tuna de cruz
Living fences, ornamental
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Introduced from India, and escaped from cultivation. Hermann (1951) mentioned "var. monstruosa" with the folk name "cardón cerebriforme", planted as ornamental.
According to Baró et al. (1985), introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1901.
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Euphorbia lancifolia Schlechtd.

Isbut
Medicinal (herb), formerly in collections
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Euphorbia nivulia Bucherb-Ham.

Cardón de hojas
Living fences
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Euphorbia prostrata Ait.

Yerba de la niña, yerba de la vieja, yerba de Larrea
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch in Otto et Dietroot

Flor de Pascua, pascuita del cayo
Medicinal (leave, latex), also cultivated as an ornamental plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Mexico.
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Euphorbia tirucalli L.

Disciplinilla
Living fences
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951

Euterpe edulis Mart.

Palmera de Brasil
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult.

Cerillo, lirio santana, macagua de costa
Medicinal (bark)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951

F

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench

Trigo sarraceno
Green manure
Origin: Central Asia
Ref.: Calvino 1918a

Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Feroniella oblata Swingle

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Festuca alpina Suter

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Festuca altissima Alleave

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Festuca amethystina L.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Festuca cinerea Villeave

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Festuca gigantea (L.) Villeave

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Festuca pseudovina Hack.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Festuca valesiaca Schleicher ex Gaudin

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Fevillea cordifolia L.

Yabilla
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Ficus capensis Thunb.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Ficus carica L.

Higo (fruit), higuera
Fruit, Medicinal (leave)
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ficus elastica Roxb.

Goma elástica
Industrial (rubber), shade tree
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Introduced for the production of rubber on an experimental scale.
According to Baró et al. (1985), introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1909.
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Ficus glomerata Roxb.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Ficus pandurata Hance

Shade tree
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Ficus pumila L.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Ficus religiosa L.

Alamo
Shade tree
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1906 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Ficus retusa L.

Laurel de la India
Medicinal (leave, branches), shade tree
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian
Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974

Ficus sycomorus L.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Ciruela de Madagascar, ciruela governadora
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Flacourtia inermis Roxb.

Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch

Ciruela de Madagascar, ciruela gobernadora
Fruit, living fences
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Flacourtia rukam Zolleave et Moritzi

Anís de Florencia, ciruela de Madagascar, hinojo de Florencia
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Anís, anisón, hinojo, hinojo de Florencia

Medicinal (leave, fruit, root), Spice (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
The folk names "anís" or "anisón" are also applied because of the aroma similar to Pimpinella anisum.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Fortunella crassifolia Swingle

Fruit
Origin: China
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle

Kumquat
Fruit
Origin: China
Cunliffe & Hermann (1916) mention the varieties 'Nagami' and 'Marumi'.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Cunliffe & Hermann 1916, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle

Fruit
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Fragaria ananassa (Ducherb) Guedes

Fresa, fresal
Fruit
Origin: Europe, Siberia, Central America, North America
Lamsfus (1909a) reported that the earlier cultivated Fragaria vesca L. was replaced by F. chiloensis (F. ananassa Ducherb) because the latter was more resistent.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Aiko', 'Fresno', 'Misionaria', 'Solana' and 'Tioga'.
Ref.: Agete 1929, Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Lamsfus 1909a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Fragaria vesca L.

Fresa
Fruit
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Formerly cultivated, replaced later by F. ananassa (Lamsfus 1909a).
Ref.: Lamsfus 1909a

Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf in Hook.

Caucho de Lagos
Industrial (caoutchouc)
Origin: Africa
Introduced from tropical Africa.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw.

Henequén de Haití, pita
Fibre (leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Couret 1909b, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Furcraea hexapetala (Jacq.) Urb.

Jeniquén, maguey, magüey, nenequén, neniquén, pita
Fibre (leave), Medicinal (root), living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

G

Galactia spiciformis Torroot et Gray

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Wiersema et al. 1990

Galega officinalis L.

Green manure
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Calvino 1918a

Galphimia gracilis Bartleave

Botón de oro, granito de oro
Wind break, ornamental
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953

Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy

Vegetable (fruit), in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Garcinia livingstonei Anderson

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Garcinia mangostana L.

Mangostán
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Garcinia tinctoria (Choisy) W.F. Wight

Rata-goraka
Fruit, in collections, grafting stock for Garcinia mangostana
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1912 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

Gardenia, jazmín del Cabo
Aromatic, Medicinal (flower)
Origin: China
Ref.: Roig 1975

Genipa americana L.

Jagua, jagua común
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit), Fodder (fruit)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Gleditsia amorphoides Taub.

Gledisquia
Hedge plant
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Argentina and Bolivia as melliferous plant.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.

Acacia, amor y celo, árbol de amor, bien vestido, floresco, júpiter, mata ratón, piñón amoroso, piñón de costa, piñón de Florida, piñón florido, piñón francés
Medicinal (leave), hedge plant
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Frijol de soya, frijol manteca, soya
Pulse, Oil crop (seeds), Fodder (seeds), green manure
Origin: China
Introduced from USA in 1904 by EEA. It may have been cultivated earlier by the Japanese on the Isla de la Juventud for preparation of a cheese called "tofu".
Among the early introduced varieties are 'Mammoth Yellow' and 'Otootan'.
The varieties 'INIFAT V-9', 'INIFAT-70', 'INIFAT-112', 'Júpiter', 'Pelican' and 'R-315' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Menéndez et al. s.a., Morse 1930, Roig 1975

Glycosmis pentaphylla Corroot Serroot

Limoncillo, limoncito, limoncito de China, naranjita de cristal
Fruit
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951

Gomphrena globosa L.

Flor de San Diego, San Diego, San Diego morado, siempre viva
Magic plant, Medicinal (flower), ornamental
Origin: Central America
Possibly introduced to Cuba from West Africa where it is cultivated as a magic and medicinal plant (Hanelt 1986).
Gomphrena lobata Boldo mentioned by Fernández et al. (1990) with the names "flor de San Diego" and "San Diego" probably belongs to this species.
Ref.: Fernández et al. 1990, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hanelt 1986a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Gossypium arboreum L.

Algodón
Fibre
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Gossypium barbadense L.

Algodón criollo
Fibre, Medicinal (root-bark, leave, flower, seeds)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
In Alain (1974), Gossypium barbadense L. is considered as a synonym of Gossypium arboreum L. var. nadam (Watt.) Prockherb
Ref.: Alain 1974, Campos & Varna 1960, Earle 1904b, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Fortún 1911, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Gossypium herbaceum L.

Algodón
Fibre
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Gossypium hirsutum L.

Algodón
Fibre
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North
America
G. hirsutum var. punctatum Scherb et Thon. is considered to be the indigenous type of Cuban cotton. Some material escaped from cultivation seems to be a hybrid with the Sea-Island cotton (long fibres), cultivated in Cuba since last century in Pinar del Río, Isla de la Juventud and Camagüey.
Ref.: Campos & Varna 1960, Earle 1904b, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al.1989a, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fortún 1911, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Broot

Agravilla, grivilea, roble australiano, roble de seda
Medicinal (resin), shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Gymnanthes albicans (Griseb.) Urb.

Amansaguapo, yaitecillo, yaití
Medicinal (leave), magic plant
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974

H

Haematoxylum campechianum L.

Palo de campeche
Industrial (dye)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951

Hamelia patens Jacq.

Coralillo, palo de coral, palo-coral, ponasí
Fruit, Medicinal (herb, fruit)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Harpullia arborea Radlk.

Harpulia
Shade tree
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Introduced from India by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Harrisia eriophora (Pfeiff.) Britt.

Jirira, pitahaya
Living fences
Origin: Cuba (endemic)

Haworthia margaritifera (L.) Haw.

Sábila
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Helianthus annuus L.

Flor del sol, girasol, girasol americano, mirasol
Oil crop (seeds), Fodder (leave), Medicinal (flower, leave, seeds), ornamental
Origin: North America
The variety 'Cuba C-288' is cultivated for seeds, and 'Vinint' as forage.
Several related species have been cultivated in Cuba as ornamentals, e.g. H. decapetalus L.,
H. debilis Nutt (syn. H. cucumerifolius Torroot et Gray), H. argophyllus Torroot et Gray and H. macrophyllus A. Gray.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, EEA 1921, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fernández et al. 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Helianthus tuberosus L.

Pataca, topinambour
Vegetable (root)
Origin: North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Jusseeds) Muell. Arg.

Caucho del Pará, goma del Pará, jebe
Industrial (rubber)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Central America
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1908 (Baró et al. 1985).
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Hibiscus cannabinus L.

Flor de San Juan, kenaf, linda mañana, mañanita, varita de San José
Fibre (stem), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
The following varieties are cultivated: 'Cuba 108', 'Cuba 195', 'Cuba 961', 'Cuba 977', 'Cuba 1087', 'Cuba 2030'.
Ref.: Anon. 1959, Anon. 1989, Crane & Acuña 1945, Crane et al. 1946, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Aleluya roja de Guinea, quimbombó chino, rosella, serení
Medicinal (flower), a lemonade is prepared from the fleshy calyx
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Austin & Halstead (1908) report that a fine jelly can be prepared from the fruit pods.
Ref.: Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Hibiscus sororius L.

Majaguilla
Fibre
Origin: Central America
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

Majagua, majagua común
Fibre (bark), Medicinal (flower), shade tree
Origin: Pantropical distribution.
Ref.: Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze

Sencillo, tararaco
Medicinal (bulb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Hordeum vulgare L.

Cebada
Cereal
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Hovenia dulcis Thunb.

Pasa japonesa
Fruit
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Hura crepitans L.

Haba, habilla, salvadera
Medicinal (leave, s., latex), shade tree
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974

Hydnocarpus kursii (King) Warbulb

Chamulgra
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Roig 1975

Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume

Chamulgra
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Roig 1975

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb. ex Murroot) Séroot in DC.

Magic plant, Medicinal?
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. et Rose

Pitahaya
Fruit, Medicinal (stem)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Roig (1975) cited Maza who reported the Taíno names of "yaguaraba", "yaguarabá" and "agoreros" for the fruits of this plant.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Hymenaea courbaril L.

Algarrobo de las Antilles, caiguarán, curbaril
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Bisse 1988, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1951

Hyoscyamus albus L.

Beleño blanco
Medicinal (herb), in collections
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Introduced from Europe by EEA as a medicinal plant. Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel
et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Hyoscyamus niger L.

Beleño
Medicinal (herb), in collections
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Introduced from Europe by EEA as medicinal plant. Used in the same way as H. albus.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1992, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf in Prain

Faragua, guinea japonesa, jaragua, sacate rojo
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

I

Indigofera coerulea Roxb.

Añil de Senegal
Industrial (root, dye)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1845

Indigofera disperma L.

Industrial (root, dye)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Guatemala in 1827.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1842

Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.

Añil, añil cimarrón, azul, azul de hojas
Industrial (leave, dye)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Couret 1909d, Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Indigofera tinctoria L.

Añil, añil de Guatemala, azul
Industrial (leave, dye)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Couret 1909d, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1975

Indigofera trita L. f.

Fodder
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Inga edulis Mart.

Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.
1989a, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Inga fagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth.

Guama de Puerto Rico
Shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central
America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Inga vera Willd.

Guaba, tamarindo de Puerto Rico
Medicinal (bark, leave), shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Puerto Rico.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Inula helenium L.

Inula
Medicinal (root)
Origin: Central Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Boniato, moniato
Starch (root), Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (herb, root), Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Cultivated in Cuba already at the discovery of America (Roig 1975). Pichardo (1862) considered that the "ajes" or "ages" seen by Columbus in Cuba were yams, but Roig (1975) agreed with Maza who reported its Siboney name "aje", because of its large sweet tubers.
"Batata" is from the Taíno language of the Antilles (Montaldo 1991).
A variable species in Cuba, more than 30 different named types.

Roig & Fortún (1916) reported more than 50 landraces, according to leaf and tuber characters.

According to the tubercules, they distinguished four groups (recommended varieties in parentheses): (1) Blancos ('Blanco', 'Maní Blanco', 'San Pedro Blanco', 'Papa'), (2) Amarillos ('Centauro Amarillo', 'Hache','Yema de Huevo'), (3) Morados ('Vueltabajero', 'Maní Morado', 'Martinica Morado', 'Sapotillo', 'San Juan'), (4) Rojos ('Vuelta Arriba', 'Matojo', 'Tuno', 'Mongorro', 'Camagüey').
Hermann and Cunliffe (1916) mentioned the North American varieties 'Jersey Red', 'Southern
Queen', 'Brazilian Red Nose', 'Hanover', 'General Grant', and additional Cuban native varieties 'Pancho del Sol', 'Papas', 'Ciclón', 'Amarrate Con-Migo'.
The following clones are cultivated:'CEMSA 74-228', 'CEMSA 74-326',
'CEMSA 74-354', 'CEMSA M-16' and Yabú 8'. According to FAO (1984), the boniato is cultivated in Cuba on 84,000 ha (second place in America), the average productivity is 4.0 t/ha, and the total annual crop 335,000 t.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, FAO 1984, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1850, León & Alain 1957, Montaldo 1991, Pichardo 1862, Roig & Fortún 1916, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ipomoea carnea Jacq.

Aguinaldo morado, campana gallega, campanilla, vete de aqui, yerba de Guanajay
Medicinal (herb), ornamental
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Iva cheiranthifolia H.B.K.

Salvia de Castilla
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America
Caribbean.

Ixophorus unisetus (Presl) Schlechtd.

Zacate blanco de Honduras
Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced by EEA, see Annual Report 1921. Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1975

J

Jacaranda coerulea (L.) Juss.

Abey macho
Shade tree
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central
America
Ref.: Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Jacaratia mexicana DC.

Bonete yucateco
Fruit, Medicinal (latex)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Mexico by EEA.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry,

Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Davis & Bye (1982) reported this species for Cuba as cultivated in the Eastern provinces. In their paper there are not any other references to the cultivation of this plant in Cuba. Jaltomata in several Central American countries is called "yerba mora" (e.g. in Colombia, Costa Rica and Guatemala). This name is applied to Solanum nigrum in Cuba. Possibly, the above authors concluded from the cultivation of "yerba mora" in Cuba that this is Jaltomata. Therefore, the real presence of this plant is doubtfuleave
Ref.: Davis & Bye 1982

Jasminum azoricum L.

Jazmín de Azores, jazmín de Oriza
Medicinal (flower)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Roig 1975

Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews

Jazmín de España
Medicinal (flower)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Alain 1974, Roig 1975

Jasminum officinale L.

Jazmín, jazmín de cinco hojas, jazmín de la Caridad, jazmín de la tierra, jazmín poético
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central Asia
Already cultivated around 1800 ("jazmín") (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.

Diamela, jazmín, jazmín de Arabia, jazmín de Francia
Medicinal (flower, leave)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Introduced from India, but escaped from cultivation.
Cultivated already about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990), with the folk name "jasmín de Francia".
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

‘Jatropha aethiopica Muell. Arg.

Chaya, mata diabetes
Medicinal (latex)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Jatropha curcas L.

Piñón botija, piñón criollo, piñón de botija, piñón inglés, piñón purgante, piñón real
Medicinal (s., leave), living fences
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1850, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Jatropha gossypifolia L.

Frailecillo, túa-túa, tuatua
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953

Jatropha multifida L.

Castaño de jardín, fruta bomba de jardín, maná, nuez vómica cubana, piñón vómico, seibilla
Medicinal (latex)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Jatropha podagrica Hook.

Coral vegetal
Medicinal (latex)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Jatropha urens L.

Chaya, maya
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Mexico by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Justicia adhatoda L.

Hierba de la sangre
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, China, Indochina, Indonesia

Justicia pectoralis Jacq.

Carpintero, té criollo, tila, tilo
Medicinal (leave, flower), ornamental
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

K

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. in Hook.

Arbol de la salchicha
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Africa
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1915 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

L

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet

Caruana, dolichos, frijol caballero, frijoles del país, habas de mons
Pulse, Medicinal (seeds), Fodder
Origin: Africa
The variety 'Rongai' is cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Hammer et al. 1991, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1951, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. et Presl

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Lactuca sativa L.

Lechuga, lechuga arrepollada
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (leave, seeds)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Austin & Halstead (1907) recommended the following varieties. Butter-type, cabbage-heading: 'Big Boston', 'Cold Frame White Cabbage', 'California Cream Butter', 'Tennis Ball Black-öSeeded'. Butter type, bunching: 'Oak Leaf'. Crisp type, cabbage-heading: 'Deacon', 'Iceberg', 'Mignonette', 'New York'. Crisp type, bunching: 'Black Seeded Simpson', 'White Star'. Cos-type, self-closing: 'Dwarf White Heart Cos', 'Paris White Cos'. Additionally, Austin & Halstead (1908), and Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) mentioned 'Hubbard Market', 'Grand Rapid', 'Large Boston', 'Early Curled Simpson', 'Golden Self Blanching'.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Black Seeded Simpson', 'Chile 11-85 Línea 3', 'GR 30', 'Great Lakes Mesa 659', 'Great Lakes', 'Phoenix' and 'Riza 15'.
The wild relative L. intybacea has been collected in the province of Guantánamo.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1907, Austin & Halstead 1908, Calvino 1918b, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fernández et al. 1990, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Lactuca serriola L.

Achicoria blanca, escarola
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Once cultivated on a small scale, it has been only collected in Cienfuegos province.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standleave

Chi cuá, güiro amargo, güiro cimarrón, güiro dulce de Nueva Guinea, güiro guayo
Medicinal (fruit, leave), calabash, magic plant
Origin: China, Africa, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
It is used to make instruments for folk music and as gourds. Vegetable types were introduced by EEA.
Roig (1975) reported that Lagenaria leucantha var. longissima was introduced by EEA with the folk name "güiro dulce de Nueva Guinea" as vegetable type. In Jovellanos and Camagüey it was called "chi cuá". According to Hanelt (1991, pers. comm.) this may have originated from the Chinese name "chih-kua" for Luffa cylindrica, where "chih", indigestible, stagnant, and "kua", general name for cucumber-related fruits. Recently we collected plants with the folk name "chi cuá" which is nowadays applied in the province of Matanzas to Momordica charantia (Esquivel, unpublished).
Ref.: Alain 1964, EEA 1921, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Lagerstroemia indica L.

Alstroemia, astronomía, gastronomía, júpiter
Medicinal (bark, leave, fruit, root), ornamental
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Lantana camara L.

Filigrana, santuario, verbena morada
Medicinal (leave, flower, root), hedges, also ornamental plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974

Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernherb

Fodder, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Laurus nobilis L.

Laurel, laurel de España, laurel de especia
Spice (leave,), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Does not produce flowers in Cuba, but can be propagated vegetatively.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Lawsonia inermis L.

Reseda, reseda francesa
Medicinal (flower, leave, bark, root)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Lecythis dubia H.B.K.

Nut, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Lecythis elliptica H.B.K.

Nut, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Lecythis ollaria Loeflower

Nut, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Lecythis pisonis Cambess. in Starch-Hileave

Nut, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Lecythis zabucayo Aubl.

Coquitos del Brasil, nuez de California
Nut
Origin: Central America
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1907 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Lens culinaris Medik.

Lenteja
Pulse
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Lepidium sativum L.

Vegetable (leave), Spice (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, West Asia, Indian Subcontinent
Reported by Alain (1974) as escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Alain 1974

Lepidium virginicum L.

Mastuerzo, sabelección, tostón
Medicinal (herb), Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

Leptochloa obtusifolia Hochst.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Leucaena diversifolia (Schlechtend.) Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Leucaena greggii S. Watson

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Leucaena lanceolata S. Watson

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit

Aroma blanca, ipil-ipil
Fodder, shade tree for coffee plantations, green manure
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The varieties 'Cunningham', 'Ipil-Ipil' and 'Perú' are cultivated.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Anon. 1989, Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Leucaena macrophylla Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Leucaena retusa Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Leucaena shannonii J.D. Smith

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.

Privet del Japón
Living fences
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Roig 1975

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk.

Alicustre
Hedge plant
Ref.: Roig 1975

Linum usitatissimum L.

Lino
Medicinal (flower, seeds)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Reported by Alain (1974) as escaped from cultivation, and cultivated for its flowers and seeds.
Ref.: Alain 1974

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Broot in Britt. et Wils.

Aguardiente de España, anís de España, hinojo de anís, menta, menta americana, poleo, quita dolor, salvia americana, torongil americano, torongil de España, torongil mentol
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Wild in the Southern coast of Guantánamo province.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Lippia dulcis Trevir.

Orozuz de la tierra
Medicinal (herb), ground cover against soil erosion
Origin: Central America
Possibly Lippia saccharina mentioned by Fernández et al. (1990) is Lippia dulcis.
Ref.: Fernández et al. 1990, Hermann 1951

Lippia hirsuta L. f.

Murtre
Spice
Origin: Central America
Caribbean.
Reported as cultivated around 1800 by Fernández et al. (1990).
Ref.: Fernández et al. 1990

Lippia micromera Schau. in DC.

Oreganito, orégano
Spice (leave), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Used as substitute of Origanum vulgare.
L. helleri Brit. is considered as a synonym of L. micromera var. helleri (Britt.)Mold.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957

Lippia triphylla (L’Hér.) Kuntze

Yerba Luisa
Spice (leave), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Lippia virgata (Ruiz et Pav.) Juss.

Lipia
Hedge plant
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Brasil in 1938 by EEA as melliferous plant.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Litchi chinensis Sonn.

Litchí, mamoncillo chino
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: China
Ref.: Bartlett 1957, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.

Estropajo
Medicinal (fruit), Vegetable (fruit), vegetable sponges
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Young fruits are eaten as vegetable mainly by Chinese.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1975

Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.

Estropajo, jaboncillo
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit, leave), Industrial (fruit, vegetable sponge)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Young fruits eaten by the Chinese.
Sponges also used for isolation and filters.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Lycium chinense Mill.

Cauquí
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Introduced by Chinese farmers to Cuba.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

Tomate, tomate americano, tomate cimarrón, tomate placero
Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Some landraces such as "placero" and "cimarrón" exist in Cuba, and show high tolerance against Alternaria solani. The "cimarrón" race has been considered by
some authors as L. pimpinellifolium Dun., but morphological and isoenzymatic studies demonstrated that it is L. esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme (Dun.) Alef. (Fig. 14.41). As reported for Capsicum species, variable populations result from introgression.
Austin & Halstead (1905) recommended the following varieties for cultivation (in order of productiveness): 'Matchless', 'Livingston's Beauty', 'Acme', 'Earliana', 'Thorburn's Earliest', 'Frogmore Selected', 'Rosalind', 'Lemon Blush'. Austin and Halstead (1908) and Hermann and Cunliffe (1916) recommended additionally 'Bulgiano's Best (B.B.)', 'Ponderosa', 'Stone'.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Bolívar', 'Campbell-28', 'Cuba C-27-81', 'Climpton', 'Floradel', 'HC-108', 'HC 78-80', 'HC 25-80', 'HC 38-80', 'L-72', 'L 10-3', 'Manalucie', 'Mamonal', 'Nova I', 'Nova II', 'Petomech', 'Placero chileno', 'Rossol', 'Roma VFP-73', 'Tropical FL-5', 'Tropical M-10', 'Tropical T-60', 'Tropical C-28-V', 'Tropic', 'Walter' and '146 Similar Ruger'.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1905, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al.
1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

M

Maackia amurensis Rupr.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.

Nuez de Queensland
Nut
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.

Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Macroptilium bracteatum (Nees et C. Martius) Maréchal et Baudet

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.

Banderita, maribari, pico de aura
Soil improvement
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Macroptilium martii (Benth.) Maréchal et Baudet

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Malachra capitata (L.) L.

Malva mulata
Fibre
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Malpighia glabra L.

Acerola, cerezo, cerezo de Barbados, cerezo de Jamaica, cerezo del país
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Malpighia urens L.

Palo bronco
Fruit
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Malus domestica Borkh.

Manzano
Fruit
Origin: Central Asia, West
Asia, Mediterranean
coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Lamsfus 1909b, Roig 1975

Mammea americana L.

Mamey, mamey amarillo, mamey de Santo Domingo
Fruit, Medicinal (bark, leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Mangifera indica L.

Manga, manga amarilla, manga blanca,
mango, mango criollo
Fruit, Medicinal (s., bark, leave, fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent, North America
According to Cunliffe (1928), the species grows wild in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and at the foot of the Himalaya mountains, from where it spread to tropical countries. Probably it was introduced to the Western hemisphere via Brasil, from where it was brought to Barbados in 1742 and to Jamaica in 1782. First settlers brought it from the East to Mexico, from where it was later introduced to Cuba. The names of the varieties grown in Cuba partially reflect the origin, e.g. 'Filipino', 'Chino'. Cunliffe mentions two principal races usually named "manga" and "mango", respectively. Within them, different fruit types are recognized, such as "Amarilla", "Blanca" [cited after W. Popenoe, "Mangoes of Cuba", U.S. Department of Agriculture]. Some varieties mentioned by Cunliffe (with description, history, origin, etc.) are 'Alfonso', 'Woodrow', 'Amini', 'Arbutnot', 'Bombay Amarillo', 'Cambodiana', 'Cecil', 'China de Guatemala', 'China de Hawaii', 'Douglas Bennett's Alphonse', 'Fernández', 'Goa', 'Gordon', 'Harden', 'Julie', 'Langra', 'Langra Benarsi', 'Late Mulcarri', 'Lemon Chutney', 'Malda', 'Maller', 'Melocotón', 'Mulgoba', 'Mulgoa', 'Numero 11. Mauritius', 'Paheri', 'Perrine', 'Peters', 'Sundersha'.
Roig (1975) reported that an important introduction and breeding program was done by H. van Hermann at Mulgoba farm, near Santiago de las Vegas. Besides different landraces called "mangas", the most
important varieties are 'Mulgoba', 'Filipino', 'Chino', 'Bicochuelo', 'Señora', 'Manzano', 'Mamey',
'Corazón', 'Plátano', 'Dátil', 'Toledo' and 'Haden'.
The following cultivars are registered as commercial: 'Baltazar', 'Biscochuelo', 'Corazón', 'Chino', 'Delicia # 1', 'Delicioso', 'Emperador', 'Filipino', 'Golan', 'Goran', 'Keitt', 'La Paz', 'Mameyzón', 'Manga Amarilla', 'Manga Blanca', 'Minin', 'Reina de Mexico', 'San Felipe', 'Señora', 'Super Haden', 'Toledo'.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Cunliffe 1928, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al.1989a, Franco & Alvarez 1960,Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Muell. Arg.

Yuca de Cartagena
Starch (root)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Manihot dulcis (J.F. Gmel.) Pax

Yuca amarilla, yuca blanca, yuca cristalina, yuca dulce
Starch (root), Fodder
Origin: Central America
Many varieties grown in Cuba were mentioned by Cunliffe (1916), including some native varieties from Cuba.
Ref.: Cunliffe 1916, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916

Manihot esculenta Crantz

Yuca, yuca agria
Starch (root), Medicinal (root), Fodder
Origin: Central America
The cultivars grown in Cuba were listed by Cunliffe (1916), including some originating from Cuba.
The following clones are cultivated today: 'CMC-40', 'CEMSA 5-19','CEMSA 74-725', 'CEMSA 74-6329', 'Jagüey Dulce' and 'Señorita'.
According to FAO (1984), it is grown in Cuba on 51,000 ha, the average productivity is 6.6 t/ha, and the total production is 340,000 t.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cunliffe 1916, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al.1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, FAO 1984, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a,Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1850, León & Alain 1953, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.

Caucho manizoba, ceara
Industrial (rubber)
Origin: Central America
Cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen

Níspero, sapote, zapote
Fruit, Medicinal (bark, seeds)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1850, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Maranta arundinacea L.

Sagú, tulola, yuquilla
Starch (root), Medicinal (root)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Couret 1909a, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b,Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Marrubium vulgare L.

Marrubio blanco
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Matricaria recutita L.

Camomila, manzanilla alemana, manzanilla dulce
Medicinal (flower)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Medicago sativa L.

Alfalfa

Fodder, green manure
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
According to García (1910), alfalfa was brought by the Spaniards to America (Mexico, Peru, Chile), where it naturalized. From there it was introduced to California and Texas under the name alfalfa. With the colonization of the western part of North America by settlers from other European countries, it was brought in under the name lucerna, without much success, so this name did not become popularoot The Cuban cultivated material originates from seeds from North America. The varieties 'Arizona', 'Texas' and 'Americana' were cultivated.
Today 'Gilboa Africana' is cultivated.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Anon. 1989, Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, García 1910, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.

Cayeput, melaleuca
Medicinal (herb, fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Melia azederach L.

Arbol quitasol, cinamono, paraíso, paraíso de la India, ponciana, pulsiana
Shade tree, living fences, Medicinal (bark, leave, fruit, root)
Origin: Central Asia
Cultivated already about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Medicinal azedarach var. umbraculiformis Berk. is reported with the folk name "árbol quitasol".
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Melica uniflora Retz.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Anoncillo, mamoncillo
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.

Green manure
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Calvino 1918a

Melinis minutiflora Pal. Beauv.

Cantingueiro del Brasil, capim gordura, melado, yerba melado
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Introduced from Brasil by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Melissa officinalis L.

Melisa, toronjil
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Mentha arvensis L.

Menta japonesa
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1974

Mentha longifolia (L.) L.

Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann
1951, Roig 1975

Mentha x piperita L.

Menta, menta inglesa, menta piperita, torongil de menta, toronjil, yerbabuena
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
In León & Alain (1957), Mentha x piperita L. nm. citrata (Ehrherb) B. Boivin is mentioned.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Mentha pulegium L.

Poleo, quita dolor
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Mentha spicata L.

Yerba buena
Medicinal (herb), Spice (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
In the Cuban literature this plant is cited as Mentha nemorosa Willd. Chromosome counts of typical Cuban material resulted in 2n=48 so that the accessions studied by us belong to Mentha spicata. The triploid Mentha x villosa Huds., which is sometimes also discussed, can be excluded, too.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Michelia champaca L.

Medicinal (leave, bark), Industrial (perfume)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Roig 1975

Microcitrus australasica (F. Muell.) Swingle

Microcitrus
Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Mimusops commersonii Engl.

Canistel japonés
Fruit
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Roig 1975

Mimusops globosa Gaertn. f.

Balata
Industrial (gum)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Mirabilis jalapa L.

Clavellina, maravilla
Medicinal (root, flower), also ornamental plant
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Momordica balsamina L.

Cundeamor
Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Introduced from China.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Momordica charantia L.

Cundeamor, cundeamor chino
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit, leave, seeds)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Two subspecies (see Grebenščikov 1986) exist in Cuba, subsp. abbreviata (Seroot)
Grebenšč. as the wild form and subsp. charantia as cultivated.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Grebenščikov
1986, Gómez de laMaza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.)Spreng.

Cundeamor
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal

Nuez enemosa, nuez moscada
Spice (seeds)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Monstera deliciosa Liebm.

Cerimán de México, monstera
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Central America by EEA.
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1908 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975, Tejeda 1909

Morinda citrifolia L.

Arbol del queso, mora de la India
Vegetable (leave, young fruit), Industrial (root, dye), Medicinal (leave, fruit)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, FAR-IES 1987, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Morinda royoc L.

Curamagüey, garañón, piñipiñi, raíz de añil, raíz de indio, revienta caballo, ruibarbo de la tierra
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Moringa oleifera Lam.

Acacia, falso tilo, flor de los masones,
palo jeringa, paraíso francés
Medicinal (root, bark, seeds), hedge plant, magic plant
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, la Sagra 1842, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Morus alba L.

Morera
Fruit
Origin: China
Once cultivated as fodder for silk worms, mainly in the Central provinces of Cuba.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Morus latifolia Poir. in Lam.

Morera de China
Industrial (leave), fodder for silk worms
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1842, Roig 1975

Morus nigra L.

Mora, mora negra
Fruit
Origin: Central Asia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.
1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Mucuna pruriens (Stickm.) DC.

Frijol de terciopelo, nescafé, pica-pica
Fodder, soil improvement, green manure, substitute for coffee
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Mainly used for soil erosion control, but in Holguín it is used as a substitute for
coffee. Cruz (1906) mentioned a white and a black variety which can also be used as forage.
The variety 'Común' is cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Crawley 1917, Cruz 1906, Cruz 1931, Earle 1904c, EEA 1909, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hermann 1951, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Muntingia calabura L.

Capulí, capulina, ceresa, guásima cereza, memiso, willow
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, bark, flower)
Origin: North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr.

Spice (leave, bark), in collections
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack

Boj de Persia, mirto, muralla
Medicinal (leave, flower), living fences
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Musa acuminata Colla

Plátano congo
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Musa balbisiana Colla

Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Musa x paradisiaca L.

Banano, plátano, plátano datil, plátano del Orinoco, plátano guineo, plátano macho
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit, leave), Starch (fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
The following clones are cultivated: for fruits , 'Cavendish Gigante', 'Cavendish Robusta', 'Cavendish Enano', 'Gran Enano', 'Parecido al Rey', and 'Tetraploide 64-2596'; for cooking , 'CEMSA 3/4', 'CEMSA 17-35', 'CEMSA 17-39', 'Cuba C-250', 'Enano Guantanamero', 'Macho Santa Lucía', 'Zanzíbar', 'Burro CEMSA', 'Burro Criollo'.
Ref.: Acuña 1966, Anon. 1989, Austin 1908, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Musa textilis Née

Abaca, cañamo de Bengala
Fibre (leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Myrcianthes mato (Griseb.) McVaugh

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) Berg

Jaboticaba
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Myrciaria edulis (Vell.) Skeels

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Myrciaria floribunda (Willd.) Berg

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Nuez moscada
Spice (fruit), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de laMaza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al.1990a, Roig 1975

Myristica malabarica Lam.

Grafting stock
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Cultivated as grafting stock for Medicinal fragrans Houtt.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a

Myrospermum frutescens Jacq.

Bálsamo de Guatemala
Medicinal (stem)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms

Bálsamo de Guatemala, bálsamo de Perú, Guatemala

Medicinal (stem, fruit, resin), shade tree
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Myroxylon peruiferum L. f.

Bálsamo de Perú
Medicinal (stem)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Myrtus communis L.

Arrayán
Spice (fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

N

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in W. et W.T. Ait.

Berro, berro de agua
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Wild in small rivers in the mountains, mainly cultivated in the southern part of Habana province.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Yuca china
Vegetable (root), Nut, Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: West Asia, Indian Subcontinent, China
Once cultivated by Chinese farmers.
Ref.: Barrett 1930, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1975

Neomarica caerulea (Ker-Gawler) Sprague

Lirio sable, mandelamina
Medicinal (herb), soil erosion control
Origin: Central America
According to Sprague, leavec. 281, Marica helenae Worsley is possibly a variety of Nut caerulea.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b

Neonotonia wightii (Arn.) Lackey

Glycine, kudzoide, soya perenne
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Nepeta cataria L.

Yerba gatera
Spice (leave), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Nephelium lappaceum L.

Rambután
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Neptunia plena (L.) Benth.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Nerium oleander L.

Adelfa, rosa francesa
Medicinal (leave, bark, flower, latex), wind break along highways, also ornamental
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Nicotiana tabacum L.

Tabaco
Industrial (leave), Medicinal (leave,root)
Origin: Central America
Taíno Indians cultivated it with the name "cohiba". Original Cuban landraces are considered to belong to Nut tabacum var. havanensis.
According to Baker (1908), after the Ten Year's War, tobacco seeds from US and Mexico were introduced to Cuba; this more vigorous material crossed into the original Cuban tobaccos (Nut tababcum
var. havanensis). Later by law all foreign tobaccos were destroyed, but at that time they almost completely replaced the original material. By the beginning of this century, nearly all "landraces" belonged to the Mexican type, var. macrophyllum. Baker (1908) mentions that as early as 1818 the varieties of Cuban tobacco were investigated and described in exact botanical terms.
The varieties 'Burley-37', 'Cabaiguán-7', 'Cooker 86', 'Corojo', 'Corojo Especial', 'Criollo', 'Habana PR', 'Habano Ligero (C-30)', Pelo de Oro (P-1-6)', 'Speight G-28' and 'Kentucky-17 (Ky-17)' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin 1904, Baker 1908, Cruz 1904, Espino 1988, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, García Osés 1909d, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hasselbring 1915a, Hasselbring 1915b, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Losada 1960, Padilla 1955, Ponce de León 1919, Roig 1975, Torrecilla 1986

Nypa fruticans Wurmb.

Fruit, Nut, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

O

Ochrocarpos africanus Oliver

Mamey africano
Fruit
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Ocimum basilicum L.

Albahaca, albahaca anisada, albahaca de
hojas anchas, albahaca de hojas de lechuga, albahaca de limón, albahaca mínima, albahaca mondonguera
Medicinal (herb), Spice (leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Roig (1975) reported several infraspecific taxa related to different folk names.
The variety 'Grand Basilic' introduced from France by EEA showed a great deal of cross pollination by honey bees under Cuban conditions.
The names O. americanum and O. thymiflorum reported for species cultivated around 1800 by Fernández et al. (1990) probably refer to O. basilicum.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ocimum canum Sims

Albahaca velluda
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Ocimum gratissimum L.

Albahaca cimarrona, albahaca de clavo, aroma de clavo, clavo de canela
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke

Albahaca alcanforada
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Africa
Introduced from Africa in 1954 by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Ocimum micranthum Willd.

Albahaca cimarrona
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Unknown
Presence in Cuba doubtfuleave
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

Albahaca cimarrona, albahaca de clavo, albahaca morada criolla, clavo-canela
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Olea europaea L.

Olivo
Oil crop (fruit), cultivated as a curiosity
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Oncoba echinata Oliver

Chamulgra
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Roig 1975

Oncoba spinosa Forssk.

Chamulgra
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Roig 1975

Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.

Esparceta
Green manure
Origin: Europe, Siberia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Calvino 1918a

Opizia stolonifera K.B. Presl

Fodder
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Mexico.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946

Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.

Nopal de la cochinilla, tuna blanca
Medicinal (stem), Industrial (dye), living fences
Origin: Central America
Formerly imported as host for Dactylopius coccus, a lac producing insect.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Opuntia dejecta Salm-Dyck

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953

Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawler) Haw.

Tuna brava, tuna colorada, tuna espinosa
Medicinal (stem), Fruit (fruit), dye, living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The stems contain a mucilagenous substance which is used to produce a paint prepared with carbonate stones called "lechada".
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Tuna de Castilla, tuna mansa
Fruit, hedge plant
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Opuntia vulgaris Mill.

Fruit, hedge plant
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1953

Origanum majorana L.

Ajedrea, mejorana
Medicinal (leave), Spice (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Already reported as cultivated around 1800 by Fernández et al. (1990).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Origanum vulgare L.

Orégano
Spice (herb), Medicinal (leave, flower)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Introduced by EEA since 1953, it flowers under Cuban conditions, but is mainly vegetatively propagated. Today it has been mainly replaced by other species such as Lippia micromera and Plectranthus amboinicus.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.

Té de Java, té de riñón
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Introduced to Cuba in 1973, today cultivated on a commercial scale.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Orthosiphon tomentosus Benth. in Wall.

Albahaca aromática
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Unknown
Presence in Cuba doubtfuleave
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Oryza sativa L.

Arroz
Cereal, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Indian Subcontinent
The varieties 'Fortuna', 'Rexora', 'Blue Rose' and 'Grano de Oro' were extensively cultivated. 'Amistad-82', 'Caribe-1' and 'J-104' are registered varieties.
In Pinar del Río there exist the wild relatives Oryza perennis Moench and Oryza latifolia Desv.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañete 1941, Cruz 1929, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1991, García 1935, González 1913, González del Valle & Babé 1947, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Heron (unpubleave), León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

P

Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb.

Jícama de agua, jícama dulce
Starch (root), Fodder (root), repellent to "bibijaguas" (Atta insularis), green manure
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de laMaza & Roig 1914, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1975

Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Spreng.

Jícama
Starch (root)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, la Sagra 1845, Montaldo 1991

Pamburus missionis (Wall.) Swingle

Pamburus
Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Pancratium arenicolum (Northr.) Alain

Lirio, lirio sanjuanero
Medicinal (root, flower), also ornamental plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

Pandanus houlletii Carr.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Pandanus utilis Bory

Pandano
Medicinal (root), Industrial (basketry)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Panicum fasciculatum Swartz

Surbana
Fodder
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1975

Panicum maximum Jacq.

Capim siempre verde, guinea gigante, hierba Guinea, murumbú, yerba de Guinea
Fodder
Origin: Africa
From West Africa.
The varieties 'Común', 'Común de Australia', 'Likoni' and 'SIH-127' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1975

Panicum miliaceum L.

Millo
Fodder
Origin: China
Ref.: EEA 1918, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Panicum repens L.

Grama de Castilla
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Panicum reptans L.

Alpiste de la tierra, grama, surbana
Fodder
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Roig 1975

Papaver somniferum L.

Adormidera, amapola
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Parinari macrophylla Sabine

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.

Nut, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Doubtful name, according to Wiersema et al. (1990).
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Wiersema et al. 1990

Parmentiera aculeata (H.B.K.) L.O. Williams

Fruit, shade tree
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Artemisa, confeti, confitillo, escoba amarga
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1964, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Paspalum dilatatum Poir. in Lam.

Grama
Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1975

Paspalum fasciculatum Willd. ex Fluegge

Capim araguay
Fodder
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Brasil by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Paspalum larranagai Arech.

Capim de pocas
Fodder
Origin: Unknown
Introduced from Brasil by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Paspalum notatum Fluegge

Alpargata, bahia grass, cambuto, cañamazo, pasto labrado, sacasebo, yerba tejana
Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Paspalum paniculatum L.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León 1946

Paspalum regnellii Mez et Ekm.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Paspalum virgatum L.

Caguazo
Fodder
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León 1946

Passiflora alata Dryand

Pasionaria
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Passiflora edulis Sims

Ceibey, granadilla, pasionaria
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Passiflora foetida L.

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Mostly a weed; occasionally cultivated.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1991

Passiflora incarnata L.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: North America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989

Passiflora laurifolia L.

Seibey
Fruit, Medicinal (root)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Passiflora ligularis Juss.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Passiflora maliformis L.

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Passiflora quadrangularis L.

Ceibey, granadilla, maracuya, pasiflora,
pasionaria
Fruit, Medicinal (root, leave), ornamental
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Passiflora stipulata Aubl.

Pasionaria
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Roig 1975

Passiflora villosa Vell.

Pasionaria
Fruit
Ref.: Roig 1975

Pastinaca sativa L.

Chirivía
Vegetable (root)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'Improved Hollow Crowned Long White' for planting.
Ref.: Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Pavonia racemosa Sw.

Majaguilla
Fibre
Origin: Central America
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav.

Majaguilla de costa
Fibre
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Pedilanthus angustifolius Poit.

Díctamo real
Medicinal (herb), living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
See note under P. tithymaloides.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Pedilanthus smallii Millsp.

Hedge plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Escaped from cultivation. See note under P. tithymaloides.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1953

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.

Díctamo real
Medicinal (herb, root, seeds), living fences, ornamental
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Alain (1974) recognizes the following taxonomic changes proposed by Dressler (1975): P. tithymaloides ssp. smallii (Millsp.) Dressler (P. smallii Millsp.), P. tithymaloides ssp. angustifolius (Poit.) Dressler (P. angustifolius Poit.).
Ref.: Alain 1974, Dressler 1957, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.

Geranio de olor
Medicinal (leave, flower)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

Pelargonium zonale L’Hér. in Ait.

Geranio manzana
Medicinal (leave), also ornamental plant
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a,
Roig 1974

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne

Framboyán amarillo
Shade tree
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke

Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.

Kikuyu
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Pennisetum purpureum Schum.

Hierba elefante, yerba elefante
Fodder
Origin: Africa
First notes about this forage plant in 1913, from Rhodesia. Calvino introduced seeds in EEA via Rome. In 1918 good results were published, later seeds distributed from Cuba to Central and South America and Australia (Calvino 1922b).
The varieties 'Cra-265', 'Taiwan A-144' and 'Pennisetum 801-4' are cultivated.
The hybrid P. purpureum x P. americanum (L.) Leeke, "King Grass" is also grown.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Calvino 1922b, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975, Talavera & Valle 1947

Peperomia pellucida (L.) H.B.K.

Corazón de hombre, yerba de la plata
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Pereskia aculeata Mill.

Grosellero, grosellero de la Florida, guinda, ramo de novia, tomate americano
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Pereskia grandifolia Haw.

Abrojo, bella Hortensia, corazón de novio, espina del señor, yamagüey
Hedge plant
Origin: Central America
According to the revision of Leuenberger (1986), the Cuban material belongs to
this species and not to Pereskia bleo (H.B.K.) DC. as was reported by us initially (Esquivel et al. 1989a). In older sources, e.g. León & Alain (1953) or Roig (1975), the species is mentioned under P. bleo.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hammer et al. 1991, Leuenberger 1986, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Persea americana Mill.

Aguacate
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit, leave, bark)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
According to Cunliffe (1928), the Aztecs in Mexico were cultivating the aguacate when the Europeans arrived. It was mentioned in the report of Oviedo to Carlos V of Spain in 1526 from South America, later from Central America.
The time of arrival in the Antilles is uncertain. In 1672 Hughes wrote that it was brought to Jamaica by the Spaniards, and similar reports exist about the other islands. Cunliffe mentions three types: (1) Tipo Mexicano (varieties'Northrup', Fowler'), (2) Tipo Guatemalteco ('Grande', 'Taft', 'Dickenson', 'Walker's Prolific', 'Meserve', 'Sinaloa', 'Atalixco', 'Fuerte', 'Puebla', 'Schmidt', Perfecto', 'Dickey'), (3) Tipo de las Indias Occidentales ('Pollock', 'Trapp', 'Santana', 'Acosta', 'Hernández'; the last three varieties originated by EEA in 1916).
Roig (1975) reported several varieties, among them 'García No. 1', originated in Bejucal; 'Catalina' from Catalina de Güines; 'Raul Arango' from Guayabal; and 'Wilson Popenoe' from El Gabrieleave
Today the following varieties are cultivated: 'Buena Esperanza', 'Casimiro Soledad', 'Catalina, Chi No. 3, Choquette', 'Lula', 'Manteca', 'Monroe Coral', 'Monroe Estación', 'García #1', 'García #2', 'Gato', 'Govín', 'Jardín', 'José Antonio', 'Pedro Luis #1', 'Pollock', 'Suardía', 'Wilson Popenoe'.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1938, Cañizares 1982, Cunliffe 1928, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1850, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Petiveria alliacea L.

Anamú
Medicinal (root, herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym.

Peregil, perejil
Spice (leave), Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (root, leave, fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) report the hardy and vigorous variety 'Dark Green Moss Curled' for home growing, and 'Plain or Single Curled' for market production.
Some of the materials collected produce flowers and seeds freely. The varieties 'Plain' and 'Kord Dilinaya' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Phalaris canariensis L.

Alpiste
Fodder (fruit), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Phalaris tuberosa L.

Alpiste perenne de Australia
Fodder (fruit)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray

Frijol tepari
Pulse
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from USA by EEA.
Ref.: Calvino 1920, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Phaseolus coccineus L.

Frijol angolano
Pulse, introduced as a new crop
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1991

Phaseolus lunatus L.

Frijol caballero, frijol de la tierra, haba de Lima
Pulse, Vegetable (seeds)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
A variable crop in Cuba. Cultivated as substitute for P. vulgaris L. in traditional farming systems, growing along fences or in old maize fields, often as a perennial crop. All cultigroups reported for this species are present in Cuba, but also intermediate forms between them. Big lima and sieva types are distributed mainly in the Eastern provinces, while some interesting potato types have been recently collected in the Western part.
Wild and weedy material has been found in dry forests and mountains of Central Cuba.
Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) mentioned the varieties 'Burpee's', 'Henderson's Bush', 'Potato Leaf Pole'.
The variety 'Challenger Linea 4' is cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Bruner & Arango 1931, Castiñeiras & Shagarodsky in press, Castiñeiras et al. in press, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al.1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. in press b, Guenkov 1983, Hammer & Esquivel 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, León & Alain 1951, Lioi et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Frijol, frijol colorado, frijol común, frijol negro, habichuela, judía
Pulse, Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Roig (1975) cited Pichardo (1862), who reported that black beans were more common in Western Cuba, mainly cultivars such as "prieto de Veracruz" (probably a landrace) and 'Black Valentine', whereas in Eastern provinces red and white seeded types were preferred. We have found just the opposite, blacktypes are predominant in Western and Eastern provinces, while in Central provinces a larger diversity occurs in red and multicoloured types. Heterogeneous populations are often cultivated to ensure harvestem
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended the varieties 'Stringless Green Pod', 'Refugee' and 'Red Valentine' for planting. Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) added 'Southern Crease Back'.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Bountiful', 'Harvester', 'Tender Green' and 'Valia' (for green pods), and 'Bonita 11', 'Bat 304', 'Bat 832', 'Bolita 42', 'Chévere', 'Cuba C-25-9 (negro)', 'Cuba C-25-9 (rojo)', 'Cuba C-25-9-28', 'Engañador', 'Guamá 23', 'Holguín 518', 'Ica Pijao', 'Güira 89', 'Hatuey 24', 'M-112', 'Red Kloud', 'Rosas', 'Tazumal' and 'Velasco Largo' (for dry seeds).
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Castiñeiras & Shagarodsky in press, Castiñeiras et al. 1991, Cruz 1929, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al.1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, León & Alain 1951, Lioi et al. 1990, Lioi et al. 1991, Pichardo 1862, Roig 1975

Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) R. Broot

Meaito, perejil de costa, verdolaga de mar
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Africa, Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Phoenix dactylifera L.

Datil
Fruit
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Phyla scaberrima (Juss. ex Perseeds) Mold.

Orozuz
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels

Grosella, grosella de India, manzana lora
Fruit, Medicinal (leave, s., root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Mirobalanos, mirobalanos emblicos
Medicinal (fruit), Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Physalis alkekengi L.

Alkekengi, foralito
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Phytolacca americana L.

Bledo
Medicinal (root), Vegetable (leave)
Origin: North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.

Yerba de tejado
Magic plant, Medicinal?, ornamental
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hermann 1951

Pilosocereus polygonus (Lam.) Byl. et Rowl.

Cardón, cardona
Living fences
Origin: Central America
Caribbean.
Ref.: Alain 1974, León & Alain 1953,
Toledo 1990

Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.

Pimienta, pimienta de clavo, pimienta de Jamaica, pimienta gorda
Spice (seeds), Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W. Moore

Bayrum, pimienta de Puerto Rico, pimienta de tabasco
Medicinal (leave, fruit, root), Spice (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Pimpinella anisum L.

Anís
Medicinal (fruit), Spice (fruit)
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Pinus caribaea Morelet

Pino amarillo, pino macho
Industrial (resin), shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Western Cuba and Isla de la Juventud, endemic. Nowadays also cultivated in Central and Eastern provinces.
Ref.: Bisse 1988, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1975

Pinus cubensis Griseb.

Pino, pino de Baracoa, pino de Mayarí, pino de Moa
Shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
An endemic of Cuba, cultivated in the Eastern provinces.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1975

Pinus maestrensis Bisse

Pino de la Sierra Maestra
Industrial (resin), shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Mainly in Eastern provinces, endemic.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Bisse 1988, León 1946, Roig 1975

Pinus tropicalis Morelet

Pino blanco, pino hembra
Industrial (resin), shade tree for coffee plantations
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Mainly in Western provinces, endemic.
Ref.: Bisse 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1975

Piper aduncum L.

Canilla de muerto, platanillo de Cuba
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Fig. 14.62
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Piper auritum Kunth in Humb. et Bonpl.

Caisimón, caisimón de anís
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Central America. Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1975

Piper betle L.

Betel
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Cultivated by the Chinese who called it "chen-lao"; it was used in the wedding ceremonies of Asiatic people.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Piper elongatum Vahl

Platanillo de Cuba
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Piper nigrum L.

Pimienta negra, pimienta picante
Spice (seeds)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
The seeds are also used as an insecticide for seed storage.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Pisum sativum L.

Alverja, chícharo, guisante, petit pois
Pulse, Vegetable (fruit), surrogate for coffee
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended the varieties 'White Marrowfat', 'Dwarf Champion' and 'McLean's Advancer' for planting. According to Hermann & Cunliffe (1916), most promising are also 'Gradus', 'Duke of York', and 'Sugar Pea'. Of the latter, the young pods can also be eaten.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1975

Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. in Hook.

Inga dulce
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit, bark, leave), living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth. in Hook.

Algarrobo, algarrobo del país
Shade tree
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Plantago afra L.

Zaragotona
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Plantago lanceolata L.

Llantén menor
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Plantago major L.

Llantén
Medicinal (leave), Spice (leave)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Cultivated already about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.

Orégano de Cartagena, orégano francés, orégano guatacón
Spice (leave), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don in Sweet

Retama, salvia, salvia de playa, salvia macho
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

Plumbago capensis Thunb.

Embeleso
Medicinal (flower), also ornamental plant
Origin: Africa
Introduced from South Africa. Escaped from Cultivation.
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

Plumbago scandens L.

Malacara, pego pollo
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. in DC.

Pachulí
Spice (leave)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Polianthes tuberosa L.

Azucena, guacamaya
Magic plant, Medicinal
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The name "guacamaya" was used around 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, Roig 1975

Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.

Naranjo trifoliado
Grafting stock
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
For grafting stocks, also hybrids with Citrus sinensis are used.
Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus paradisi = citrumelos.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Portulaca oleracea L.

Verdolaga
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Portulaca pilosa L.

Diez del día, verdolaga de la sabana
Ground cover, ornamental
Origin: North America, Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Native to Cuba (Hermann 1951).
Ref.: Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Portulaca villosa Cham.

Diez del día
Medicinal (herb), in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miq.

Caisimón
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951

Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.

Caisimón
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974

Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart.

Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
From Brazileave
Ref.: Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Pouteria caimito (Ruiz et Pav.) Radlk.

Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Occasionally cultivated.
Ref.: Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Pouteria campechiana (H.B.K.) Baehni

Canistel
Fruit, Medicinal (bark)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Pouteria dictyoneura (Griseb.) Radlk.

Caimito de perro, sapote culebra de costa
Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1975

Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma

Fruit
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore et Stearn

Mamey colorado, sapote
Fruit, Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1850, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC.

Algarrobo de Brasil
Living fences
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Pérez 1989b

Protium cubense (Rose) Urb.

Copal
Medicinal (stem, resin)
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.

Fruit
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.

Melocotón, melocotonero
Fruit
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, China
The variety 'Red Ceylon' shows the best adaptation to Cuban conditions.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Prunus serotina Ehrherb

Ciruelo
Fruit
Origin: North America
Ref.: Roig 1975

Psidium friedrichsthalianum (Berg) Nied.

Fruit, grafting stock for Psidium guajava
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gonzales 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

Psidium guajava L.

Guayaba del Perú, guayaba redonda, guayabo
Fruit, Medicinal (bark, leave, fruit)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
'Cotorrera', 'E.E.A. 1-23', 'E.E.A. 18-40', 'N-2', 'N-6', 'N-7', 'N-8', 'Perú Roja' and 'Suprema Roja' are the registered commercial varieties.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Psidium guineense Swartz

Guayabita de Guinea
Fruit, grafting stock for Psidium guajava
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gonzales 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Psidium littorale Raddi

Guayabita fresa
Fruit, grafting stock
Origin: Central America
Introduced by Cienfuegos Botanical Garden in 1901 (Baró et al. 1985).
Ref.: Baró et al. 1985, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de laMaza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Psidium salutare Berg

Guayabita de Pinar
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Fruits used to prepare a typical drink.
Reported as wild but observed in cultivation in some gardens of Pinar del Río.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Psidium sartorianum (Berg) Nied.

Mije
Fruit, Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (Stickm.) DC.

Calasmismis
Vegetable (fruit), Oil crop
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Psoralea corylifolia L.

Medicinal (seeds), in collections
Origin: China
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq.

Drague
Medicinal (sangre de drago)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975, Wiersema et al. 1990

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

Kudzú
Fodder, soil erosion control
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.

Kudzú tropical
Fodder, soil improvement
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Punica granatum L.

Granada, granada enana
Fruit, Medicinal (fruit, root-bark)
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Pyrus communis L.

Peral
Fruit
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Q

Quamoclit pennata (Desr.) Bojer

Cambustera, cambustera fina, combustera
Medicinal (bark, leave, root), ornamental
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Quassia amara L.

Cuasia
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Quisqualis indica L.

Piscuala
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

R

Rajania cordata L.

Alambrillo
Starch (root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Randia formosa Schum. in Mart.

Fruit
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Raphanus sativus L.

Nabo chino, rabanito, rábano, rábano gigante del Japón, rábano japonés
Vegetable (root), Medicinal (root), green manure
Origin: China, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Two main groups should be considered according to Pistrick (1987), the "rabanos" with small, rounded-red roots, which belong to var. sativus, and the "nabo chino" or "rábano japonés", with large conical-white roots, classified as var. albus DC. emend. Pistrick. Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'French Breakfast', 'Half Long Deep Scarlet' and 'Chartier' for cultivation.
The following cultivars are cultivated today: 'PS-9', 'Scarlet Globe', 'Korum', 'Rojo con Rabito Blanco'.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Fuentes 1988, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, León & Alain 1951, Pistrick 1987, Roig 1975

Rhamnus catharticus L.

Espino cerval
Medicinal (bark)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Rheedia aristata Griseb.

Espuela de caballero, manajú, manajucillo
Medicinal (resin)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann
1951, Roig 1974

Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn

Cordobán
Medicinal (fruit, leave), ornamental
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Ricinus communis L.

Highereta, higuereta, palma cristi, ricino
Medicinal (s., leave), Oil crop (seeds)
Origin: Africa
Roig (1975) cited Bachiller who reported the Taíno name "carrapa" for this species.
Cultivated already about 1800, with the folk name "figuereta" (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Barthe 1919, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fernández et al. 1990, Fors 1958, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Ramos 1911a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Rivina humilis L.

Coralitos, ojo de ratón
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974

Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Fig. 14.67
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Rollinia pulchrinervis DC.

Biriba, llama
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Romero
Medicinal (fruit, leave), Spice (leave), ornamental
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) O.F. Cook

Palma real
Oil crop (fruit), Fodder (fruit), Vegetable (leave), Industrial
(fruit), shade tree, green
manure
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central America
This species has many uses.
The palm heart ("palmito") is eaten as vegetable.
Soap can be made from the seeds.
Roig (1975) cited the studies of León and Bailey, considering that the following related species exist in Cuba: R. lenis León (palma de seda), R. violacea León (palma criolla azul), R. stellata León (palma blanca).
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, León 1946, Roig 1975

Rubus glaucus Benth.

Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.1989a, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Rubus illecebrosus Focke

Zarzamora
Fruit
Origin: China
Introduced in 1916 by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Ruellia tuberosa L.

Saltaperico
Medicinal (leave, root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Ruta chalepensis L.

Ruda
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Roig 1974

Ruta graveolens L.

Ruda
Medicinal (leave), Spice (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

S

Saccharum barberi Jeswiet

Caña de azúcar
Industrial (stem, sugar)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
The varieties 'Chunee' and 'Kansar' were cultivated.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Saccharum officinarum L.

Caña de azúcar
Industrial (stem, sugar), Fodder (leave), Medicinal (root, sugar)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Indian Subcontinent
Principal agricultural crop of Cuba. Introduced from Santo Domingo in 1535. Several infraspecific taxa have been reported as: var. commune, var. purpureum, var. giganteum and var. tahitense.
Among the early cultivated varieties are 'Cheribon', 'Badila', 'Blanca', 'Caledonia Amarilla' and 'Cristalina'. The latter which was the most important in Cuba is the same as 'Rose Bamboo' from Hawaii and 'Blanca Transparente' from the Caribbean. It was followed in importance by (1) "La Otaita" or "Caña Blanca", and (2) "La Cinta". Other varieties were developed by EEA on the basis of foreign material, i.e. "Barara 208" and "Demarara 76", "Demarara 247" and "Demarara 604" (Crawley 1917).
Earle (1905a) reported extensive experimental work by E.F. Atkins at Central Soledad, Cienfuegos, with many varieties.
Hybrids with other species have been cultivated such as: S. officinarum x S. spontaneum, 'Media Luna 3-18', 'P.O.J 2878', 'P.O.J. 2714' and 'P.O.J. 2725'.
S. officinarum x S. barberi, 'Coimbatore 213', 'P.O.J. 36', 'P.O.J. 213' and 'P.O.J. 228'.
S. offininarum x S. sinense, 'CerealH. 64 (21)'.
Ref.: Bruner 1923, Crawley 1917, Earle 1904d, Earle 1905a, Earle 1905d, Earle 1927, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990,Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Houser 1913, León 1946, Mameli de Calvino 1922, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Saccharum robustum Brandes et Jeswiet ex Grassl

Caña de azúcar
Industrial (stem, sugar)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Saccharum sinense Roxb.

Caña de azúcar
Industrial (stem, sugar)
Origin: China
The varieties 'Uba', 'Kavargire' and 'Cayena' were cultivated.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Saccharum spontaneum L.

Caña de azúcar
Industrial (stem, sugar)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian
Subcontinent, Central Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Sagittaria sagittifolia L.

Malanga china
Starch (root)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.

Violeta, violeta africana
Medicinal (leave, stem), also ornamental plant
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

Salix babylonica L.

Sauce llorón
Industrial (basketry)
Origin: China, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Alain 1974

Salix chilensis Molina

Clavellina
Living fences
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Salvia officinalis L.

Salvia de Castilla
Medicinal (leave, flower)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia,
Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Sambucus canadensis L.

Saúco blanco
Medicinal (bark, flower, fruit, leave)
Origin: Central America, North America
Ref.: Roig 1975

Sambucus mexicana K.B. Presl ex DC.

Saúco, saúco blanco
Medicinal (flower), Fruit
Origin: Central America
Sambucus nigra ("saúco blanco") mentioned as cultivated by Boldo around 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990) probably refers to S. mexicana.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Sapindus fruticosum Roxb.

Fruit
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.

Arbol de sebo
Industrial (seeds), Fodder (seeds)
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Saponaria officinalis L.

Saponaria
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Introduced from Czechoslovakia in 1954 by EEA.
Ref.: Roig 1975

Satureja hortensis L.

Ajedrea
Spice (herb), Medicinal (herb), Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Roig 1975

Schaefferia frutescens Jacq.

Amansaguapo, cafecillo, cambia voz
Medicinal (root), magic plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974

Schinus molle L.

Pimiento de América
Spice (fruit)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.

Ciruela de los cafres
Fruit, shade tree, living fences
Origin: Africa‘
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Roig 1975

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz

Chayote, chote
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit, root)
Origin: Central America
Very old cultivated plant in the Antilles
(Calvino 1923). Jacquin (1760) reported that chayote was used daily by the Cubans for different dishes in the 18th century (cited after Lagos-Witte 1988). Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) report that chayote was more esteemed in some other Antilles than in Cuba, but was worth more attention. Many forms are
known, differing in colour, form, with/without spines, etc.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Calvino 1923, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, Jacquin 1760, Lagos-Witte 1988, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Semecarpus anacardium L. f.

Nuez de marcar
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Sesamum orientale L.

Ajonjolí
Oil crop (seeds), Medicinal (s., leave)
Origin: Africa
Cultivated already about 1800 (Fernández et al. 1990).
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Fernández et al. 1990, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.

Green manure
Origin: Australia, New Zealand, Indochina, Indonesia
Especially recommended for cultivated green manure in sugarcane plantations (Crawley 1917).
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Crawley 1917

Sesbania emerus (Aubl.) Urb.

Polizón
Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951

Setaria tenax Desv.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Severinia buxifolia Ten.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Sicana odorifera (Vell.) Naud.

Calabaza de olor, calabaza melón, cohombro
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Sida glutinosa Cav.

Malva del país, malva fibrosa
Fibre
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Hermann 1951, Roig & Fortún 1919

Sida rhombifolia L.

Malva de cochino
Magic plant, Medicinal?
Origin: Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Indonesia, Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b

Sida urens L.

Malva peluda
Fibre
Origin: Unknown
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Hermann 1951, Roig & Fortún 1919

Simarouba glauca DC.

Gavilán
Oil crop (seeds)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Sinapis alba L.

Mostaza blanca
Spice (seeds), Medicinal (seeds), Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommend 'Giant Southern Curled' as a strong, hardy variety, to be used for greens.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Smilax havanensis Griseb.

Alambrillo
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America
Caribbean.

Solanum dulcamara L.

Dulcamara
Medicinal (herb), in collections
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Introduced by EEA and cultivated on an experimental scale.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Solanum laciniatum Ait.

Medicinal (fruit, leave, root, stem), in collections
Origin: Australia, New Zealand
Introduced from USSR. Cultivated on an experimental scale, often grafted onto S. torvum.
Ref.: Acosta & Xiqués 1986, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Hammer et al. 1992

Solanum mammosum L.

Güirito de pasión, pechito, pechito de doncella
Medicinal (leave, seeds)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Wild and cultivated in gardens. Considered effective against asthma.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Solanum melongena L.

Berengena, berenjena
Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (fruit, leave)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'New York Purple' and 'Black Beauty' for growing. Hermann and Cunliffe added 'Florida High Bush'. Usually it is grafted onto S. torvum. The varieties 'Black Beauty' and 'Florida High Bush Linea 1' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel & Hammer
1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Muñoz et al. 1977, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Solanum muricatum Ait.

Huevo de gato, melón pera
Fruit
Origin: Central America
Introduced from Canarias by EEA.
Ref.: EEA 1919, EEA 1920, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Solanum nigrum L.

Yerba mora
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North
America, Europe, Siberia
The material observed belongs to S. americanum, which is now often considered as a good species.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951

Solanum pseudocapsicum L.

Ají ornamental
Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Unknown
Its existence in Cuba is doubtfuleave According to the plants observed, it could be a form of Capsicum frutescens L.
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Solanum quitoense Lam.

Fruit, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974

Solanum torvum Swartz

Pendejera, pendenciera, prendedera
Medicinal (leave, root, fruit), magic plant, grafting stock for Solanum melongena L.
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Africa,
Central America
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b,Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974

Solanum tuberosum L.

Papa
Starch (root), Medicinal (root)
Origin: Central America
Hermann & Cunliffe (1916) mentioned the varieties 'Early Rose', 'Pearl', 'Bliss Triumph', 'Buröbank'.
The following varieties are cultivated today: 'Arka', 'Baraka', 'Chieftain', 'Cardinal', 'Claudia',
'Cleopatra', 'Desirée', 'Diamant', 'Kondor', 'Mariella', 'Red Pontiac', 'Spunta', 'Vekaro'.
Ref.: Agete 1927, Alain 1964, Anon. 1989, Cruz 1929, Cueto 1948, Esquivel &Hammer 1991, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann & Cunliffe 1916, Johle 1915, Roig 1975

Sorghum almum Parodi

Sorgo negro
Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Millo, millo blanco, millo de escoba,
millo morado, millo negro, millo para escobas, sorgo
Fodder (s., leave), brooms
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Africa
Some races are also used like pop corn.
The varieties 'INRA', 'Millo Forrajero', 'V-3', 'V-4' and 'V-6' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, EEA 1918, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer & Esquivel 1991, León 1946, Menéndez et al. s.a., Pagliery 1910, Roig 1975

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

Cañuela, Don Carlos, pasto Johnson, yerba Don Carlos
Fodder
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Africa, Central America
Once cultivated, now a dangerous weed.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf in Prain

Millo, sorgo dulce, yerba del Sudán
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Introduced to USA from Khartoum, Sudan, in 1909 by Prof. CerealVegetable Pyper, forage Plant Section of USDA. From there to Cuba by EEA (Lougher 1916).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Lougher 1916, Roig 1975

Sorindeia juglandifolia (A. Richerb) Planch. et OliVegetable

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Spilanthes oleracea L.

Cabrito
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Spinacia oleracea L.

Espinaca
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Central Asia
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommend 'Long Standing' for cultivation.
The varieties 'Blondal Long' and 'Matador' are cultivated today.
The 'New Zealand' spinach mentioned in the List of Commercial Varieties (Anon. 1989) and reported by Austin & Halöstead (1908) as belonging to another species, is actually Tetragonia tetragoniodes. This was also mentioned by Roig (1975).
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Roig 1975

Spondias cyathera Sonn.

Aceitero, ciruela dulce, citero, jobo de la India, manzana de Otahiti
Fruit, living fences
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Spondias mombin L.

Jobo, mombín
Medicinal (bark), Fruit, Fodder (fruit), living fences
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Spondias pinnata (Koenig et L. f.) Kurz

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Spondias purpurea L.

Ciruela, ciruela colorada
Fruit, living fences
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, la Sagra 1845, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Spondias tuberosa Arruda in Koster

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl

Verbena, verbena azul, verbena cimarrona
Medicinal (leave)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1957

Stenocereus hystrix (Haw.) Buxb.

Cardón, cardona
Living fences
Origin: Central America, Caribbean.
Reported as wild, but also cultivated for living fences.
There are still taxonomic and nomenclatural problems connected with this species (see Kiesling 1982).
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer 1988a, Hammer et al. 1991, Kiesling 1982

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze

Camalote, grama blanca, grama de costa
Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946

Stephania rotundata Lour.

Estefania
Medicinal (root), in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a

Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karsten

Anacagüita, camaruca
Medicinal (flower, bark), Nut, shade tree
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Colombia. Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Sterculia foetida L.

Arbol del clavo, clavo de especia
Nut, shade tree
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian
Subcontinent, Africa
Ref.: Alain 1946, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Strophanthus hispidus DC.

Estrofantos
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974,
Roig 1975

Strophanthus sarmentosus DC.

Estrofantos
Medicinal (seeds)
Origin: Africa
Introduced from Gambia by EEA.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Strophostyles helvula (L.) S. Ell.

Frijol diablito, frijol mambí
Pulse, Fodder, soil improvement
Origin: Africa
Introduced into Eastern provinces by French settlers. Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Castiñeiras & Shagarodsky in press, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Strychnos spinosa Lam.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Stylosanthes bracteata Vogel

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Brasil, Paraguay.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Stylosanthes capitata Vogel

Fodder
Origin: Brasil, Venezuela
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Stylosanthes erecta Pal. Beauv.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990

Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Swartz

Lengua de rana
Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Kretschmer & Brolmann 1984, Machado & Chao 1980, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub.

Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Kretschmer & Brolmann 1984, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Stylosanthes scabra Vogel

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Wiersema et al. 1990, Williams et al. 1984

Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr.

Swinglea, tabog
Fruit, grafting stock, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a, Lima 1983

Symphytum officinale L.

Consuelda
Medicinal (root)
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Syzygium acuminatissimum DC.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Syzygium aquaeum (NutL. Burm.) Alston

Pomarrosa blanca
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry

Arbol del clavo, clavo de especia, palo de clavo
Spice (flower)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Cultivated mainly in old coffee plantations in the mountains of Eastern provinces.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1975

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels

Jambolán
Fruit, Medicinal (bark, fruit)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Syzygium grande Wall.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston

Manzana rosa, manzanita, mirto del Rio,
pomarrosa
Fruit, Medicinal (bark, root, seeds)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Alain 1974, Bisse 1988, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Syzygium lineatum (Sw.) Merr. et Perry

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. et Perry

Pera, pera brasileña, pomarrosa de Málaca
Fruit
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Syzygium punctatum Viell. ex Guillaumin

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. et Perry

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

T

Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.

Huevo de gallo, lechoso, pegojo, pitimini
Medicinal (bark, latex)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Tagetes erecta L.

Cavilón, clavelón, copete,
copetúa, copetuda, flor de muerto
Medicinal (flower, root, leave), also ornamental plant
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Herömann 1951, Roig 1974

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.

Verdolaga francesa
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Tamarindus indica L.

Tamarindo
Medicinal (fruit), Fruit
Origin: Africa
Already mentioned around 1800 in Fernández et al. (1990).
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975, Sedgley & Gardner 1989

Tanacetum vulgare L.

Tanaceto
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers

Diente de león
Vegetable (leave), Medicinal (root)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Recently introduced.
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'Improved Thick Leaved' for cultivation. Young tender leaves used as greens.
Ref.: Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K.

Saúco amarillo
Medicinal (root, flower, herb)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Tephrosia candida DC.

Fodder
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Tephrosia cathartica Urb.

Barbesco de Perú
Medicinal
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers.

Barbesco
Fodder, in collections
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

Tephrosia senna H.B.K.

Barbesco
Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951

Tephrosia sinapou (Buchoz) CheVegetable

Barbesco
Fodder
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Teramnus labialis (L. f.) Spreng.

Curvicán de jutía, tripa de jutía
Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Teramnus uncinatus (L.) Sw.

Green manure
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Especially recommended for cultivated green manure in sugarcane plantations (Crawley 1917).
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Crawley 1917

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Terminalia catappa L.

Almendro de la India
Nut, Medicinal (bark, fruit), shade tree
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Tetragonia tetragoniodes (Pall.) Kuntze

Espinaca de Nueva Zelandia
Vegetable (leave)
Origin: China
The "New Zealand Spinach" already mentioned by Austin & Halstead (1908) as giving very good results and not belonging to spinach is T. tetragoniodes. It is cultivated in Cuba and erroneously included in the List of Varieties (Anon. 1989) under Spinacia oleracea.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Tetrastigma harmandi Planch in DC.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Teucrium cubense Jacq.

Agrimonia
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Theobroma cacao L.

Cacao
Industrial (seeds), Oil crop (seeds)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The clones 'UF-221', 'UF-613', 'UF-650', 'UF-654', 'UF-667', 'UF-677', and some triple hybrids are cultivated today.'Amelonados' and 'Angoleta' are used as grafting stocks.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Couret 1909c, Earle 1905c, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1975

Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa

Majagua de la Florida
Shade tree
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951

Thymus vulgaris L.

Tomillo
Spice (herb), Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1957, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Tragopogon porrifolium L.

Salsifí
Vegetable (root)
Origin: Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Austin & Halstead (1908) recommended 'Mammoth Sandwich Island' and 'Long White French'.
Ref.: Austin & Halstead 1908, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Trichilia glabra L.

Siguaraya
Medicinal (seeds), magic plant
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain
1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Trichosanthes cucumerina L.

Calabaza de culebra, calabaza majá, culebrina
Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Trifolium hybridum L.

Trébol híbrido
Fodder
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Trifolium incarnatum L.

Trébol encarnado
Green manure
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Calvino 1918a

Trifolium pratense L.

Trébol de los pratos, trébol rojo
Fodder
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Alholva
Medicinal (seeds), green manure
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974

Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson

Limoncillo, limoncito
Fruit, grafting stock
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1845, Roig 1975

Tripsacum latifolium Hitchc.

Yerba de Cayena, zacate prodigioso
Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced by EEA.
Ref.: EEA 1921, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1975

Tripsacum laxum Nash

Zacate de Guatemala
Fodder
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Menéndez et al. s.a.

Triticum aestivum L.

Trigo
Cereal, Medicinal (fruit)
Origin: Central Asia, West Asia, Europe, Siberia
It was extensively cultivated in Cuba in the 18th century mainly in the central provinces of Cuba, but it was prohibited by a Royal Order of the Spanish Government to avoid competition.
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Triumfetta grossulariaefolia A. Rich.

Guizazo bobo
Fibre
Origin: Central America
Caribbean.
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Triumfetta hispida A. Rich.

Guizazo
Fibre
Origin: Central America, Caribbean
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.

Guizazo de cochino
Fibre
Origin: Africa
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.

Guizazo
Fibre
Origin: Unknown
Formerly cultivated.
Ref.: Roig & Fortún 1919

Tropaeolum majus L.

Capuchina, marañuela
Vegetable (herb, flower), Spice (flower buds), ornamental
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb.

Guaímaro, ramón de bestia, ramón de
Méjico
Fodder (leave, fruit), Fruit, green manure
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Ref.: Calvino 1922a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Tulbaghia violacea Harv.

Ajo de jardín
Spice (bulb), ornamental
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel & Hammer 1992

Turnera ulmifolia L.

Marilope
Medicinal (leave, flower), ornamental
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Fuentes 1988, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1953, Roig 1974

U

Uniola virgata (Poir.) Griseb.

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Urena lobata L.

Carapiche, guasasa, guisaso, guizazo, malva blanca
Fibre, Medicinal (leave, flower, root), cultivated on an experimental scale
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The natural distribution includes Cuba.
First introductions by EEA from Cuban material (Roig & Fortún 1919), from there distributed to different Cuban stations. Cuban sources usually distinguish between Urena lobata and Urena sinuata.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hermann 1951, Roig & Fortún 1919, Roig 1975

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud.

Chichicate
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: Central America
Formerly a fibre crop in Cuba.

Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy

Fodder
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Uvaria rufa Blume

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

V

Vangueria madagascariensis J.F. Gmel.

Vangueria
Fruit
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Vanilla planifolia Andrews

Vainilla
Spice (fruit)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Lamsfus 1909c, León 1946, Roig 1975

Verbascum thapsus L.

Borraja, bullon
Medicinal (flower, leave)
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Introduced by French immigrants from
Haiti.
Observed in Oriente under this folk name which could refer to Borago officinalis.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1990a, Roig 1974

Vernonia menthaefolia (Poep. ex Spreng.) Less.

Albahaquilla hembra, rompezaragüey
Medicinal (herb), magic plant
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash in Small

Vetiver
Fodder, Spice (root), Medicinal (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia, Indian
Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Vicia faba L.

Haba, haba caballuna
Pulse, green manure
Origin: Central Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
The var. minor, "haba caballuna", is reported to be used for green manure (Calvino 1918a).
Ref.: Calvino 1918a, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Guenkov 1983, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Vicia sativa L.

Alverja, arveja
Fodder
Origin: West Asia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal

Pulse
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Perrino et al. in press

Vigna ambacensis Welwood ex Baker

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi

Pulse
Origin: China
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Perrino et al. in press

Vigna antillana (Urb.) Fawcet et Rendle

Caupí criollo, frijol engorda muchachos,
frijol maicero, maicero
Pulse, soil improvement
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Vigna caracalla (L.) Verdc.

Pulse
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Perrino et al. in press, Wiersema et al. 1990

Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Bentham

Frijol cimarrón
Fodder, soil improvement
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, León & Alain 1951, Perrino et al. in press, Roig 1975

Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.

Fodder
Distributed world-wide in the tropics.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Perrino et al. in press, Wiersema et al. 1990

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Pulse
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Perrino et al. in press

Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Frijol mungo, frijolito chino
Pulse, Vegetable (seedlings), green manure
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia,
Indian Subcontinent
Introduced from India by EEA. The varieties 'Mungo erecto' and 'Mungo rastrero' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Calvino 1918a, Calvino 1920, Crawley 1917, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi

Frijol arroz
Pulse
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia, Indian Subcontinent
Seedlings are use in a chinese dish called "chop suey".
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. supsp. cylindrica (L.) Verdc.

Frijol precioso, mantequilla, sabrosito
Pulse, Fodder, green manure
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Africa
Cruz (1906) mentioned the varieties 'Iron' and 'Wonderful'.
Ref.: Cruz 1906, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Roig 1975

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.

Frijol grande, habichuela china
Pulse, Vegetable (fruit)
Origin: China, Indochina, Indonesia
The varieties 'CEMSA' and 'Escambray 8-5' are cultivated today.
Hermann (1951) reported cultivation by Chinese farmers who sell them as stringless beans.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Huerres & Caraballo 1988, la Sagra 1845, Muñoz et al. 1977, Roig 1975

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata

Caupí, chícharo de vaca, frijol cancarro, frijol carita, frijol de vaca, frijol engorda muchachos, frijol maicero
Pulse, Fodder, Vegetable (fruit), green manure
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions, Africa
The varieties 'Cancarro' and 'Carita' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Calvino 1918a, Crawley 1917, Earle 1904c, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, García Osés 1909c, Hammer & Esquivel 1990, Hammer et al. 1990a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Menéndez et al. s.a., Perrino et al. in press

Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Richerb

Bejuco marrullero, caracolillo de cerca
Fodder
Distributed world-wide in the tropics and subtropics.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1990b, Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951, Perrino et al. in press, Roig 1975

Viola odorata L.

Violeta
Medicinal (flower), ornamental
Origin: Europe, Siberia
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Vitex cymosa Bert. ex Spreng.

Aceituno
Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Vitex doniana Sweet

Ofón, vence batalla
Fruit
Origin: Africa
Introduced from South Africa by Aspiro Garden, Pinar del Río.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Roig 1975

Vitex gigantea H.B.K.

Fruit, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al.
1989a

Vitex trifolia L.

Yo puedo más que tú
Magic plant
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand

Vitis rotundifolia Michx.

Muscadine, uva
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Roig 1975

Vitis tiliaefolia Humb. et Bonpl. ex Roem. et Schult.

Parra cimarrona
Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central
America
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Vitis vinifera L.

Parra, uva, vid, viña
Fruit
Origin: West Asia, Mediterranean coastal and adjacent regions
Registered commercial varieties are 'Aramón', 'Moscatel Roja', 'Roja Miramar' and 'Volga'.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

X

Xanthium strumarium L.

Guizazo de caballos
Medicinal (herb)
Origin: China
Ref.: Alain 1974, Hammer et al. 1992, Roig 1975

Xanthosoma atrovirens Koch et Bouche

Malanga amarilla
Starch (root)
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990a

Xanthosoma nigrum (Velleave) Mansf.

Malanga morada, yautía
Starch (root)
Origin: Central America
The clones 'Japonesa', 'México-1', 'México-8' and 'Morada' are cultivated today.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Esquivel et al. 1989a, León 1946, Roig 1975

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott in Schott et Endleave

Galanga, guagüí, malanga, malanga amarilla, malanga blanca
Starch (root), Medicinal (leave, stem)
Origin: Central America
According to Barrett (1930), in the Antilles there exist more different types than in Central or South America. The oldest cultivation was reported from Puerto Rico, by Arawak Indians. Morton (1975) considers Xanthosoma sp. as the oldest cultivated plants of the world; more than 40 species are native to tropical America. It was an important crop in the Antilles at the time of the discovery of America (Patiño 1964).
Important crop in Cuba (Montaldo 1991).
According to Pichardo (1862), the African name "galanga" was formerly used.
The clones 'Amarilla Criolla', 'Amarilla Especial', 'Macal Sport' and 'Viequera' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Barrett 1930, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fuentes 1988, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al.1990a, Hermann 1951, León 1946,Montaldo 1991, Morton 1973, Patiño 1964, Pichardo 1862, Roig 1975

Ximenia americana L.

Ciruelillo, limoncillo, yanillo
Fruit, Nut
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, León & Alain 1951

Ximenia coriacea Engl. in Mart.

Fruit
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.

Pimienta de Guinea
Spice (fruit)
Origin: Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Y

Yucca gloriosa L.

Bayoneta, cucaracha, espino
Fibre (leave), living fences
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile, North America
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Z

Zamia angustifolia Jacq.

Guayara, guáyara, yuquilla de paredón
Starch (root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Once cultivated as a starch plant, now perhaps only ornamental.
Ref.: Alain 1974, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hermann 1951, León 1946

Zamia pumila L.

Yabuna, yuquilla de sabana
Starch (root)
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Once cultivated as a starch plant, now perhaps only ornamental.
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914

Zanthoxylum pistacifolium Griseb. > Zanthoxylum flavum subsp. pistaciifolium

Bálsamo, palo vencedor, vencedor
Medicinal (herb), magic plant
Origin: Cuba (endemic)
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, León & Alain 1951, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Zea mays L.

Maíz
Cereal, Fodder (s., leave), Vegetable (fruit), Medicinal (stigma)
Origin: Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Chile
The varieties 'A-7926', 'A-7931', 'P-ö7928', 'Francisco', 'HDT-66', 'HDT-77', 'HDT-90', 'Gibara', 'VegetableMedicinal Tusón', 'VegetableS.T.-5 (Rosita)' and 'VegetableS.T.-6' are cultivated.
Ref.: Anon. 1989, Cruz 1929, Esquivel & Hammer 1988, Esquivel et al. 1986, Esquivel et al. 1987, Esquivel et al. 1988, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1989b, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Esquivel et al. 1991, González del Valle & Gato 1954, González del Valle 1944, González del Valle 1945, González del Valle 1952, González del Valle 1953, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer & Esquivel 1991, Hammer et al. 1991, Hatheway 1957, León 1946, Menéndez et al. s.a., Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Zebrina pendula Schnitzl.

Cucaracha
Medicinal (leave), soil erosion control, ornamental
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann
1951, León 1946, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.

Gengibre amargo
Medicinal (root)
Origin: Indochina, Indonesia
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hammer et al. 1991, León 1946

Zingiber officinale Rosc.

Agengibre, jengibre, jenjibre dulce
Medicinal (root), Spice (root)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Already mentioned as frequently cultivated around 1800 ("agengibre") (Fernández et al. 1990). The variety 'Jamaica Green Ginger' was introduced from Jamaica by EEA.
Ref.: Barrett 1930, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Esquivel et al. 1990b, Fernández et al. 1990, Gómez de la Maza & Roig 1914, Hammer et al. 1991, Hammer et al. 1992, León 1946, Montaldo 1991, Roig 1967, Roig 1974, Roig 1975

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Rosc. ex Smith

Gengibre amargo
Spice (root)
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Indonesia
Reported by Alain (1974) as escaped from cultivation in Oriente.
Ref.: Alain 1974

Zinnia elegans Jacq.

Cajigal
Medicinal (flower, fruit, seeds), ornamental
Origin: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Introduced from Mexico. Escaped from cultivation.
Ref.: Alain 1964, Esquivel et al. 1989a, Hermann 1951, Roig 1975

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Fruit
Origin: China
Ref.: Alain 1974, Cañizares 1982, Esquivel et al. 1989a

Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd.

Yuyuba
Fruit
Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Central
Asia, West Asia, Africa
Ref.: Esquivel et al. 1989a, la Sagra 1845

Zornia brasiliensis Vogel

Fodder, in collections
Origin: Unknown
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992

Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.

Trencilla
Fodder
Origin: Central America
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1992, León & Alain 1951

Inventory of cultivated plants of Cuba (Hammer et al., 1992)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

X

Y

Z

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