Croton penduliflorus (PROTA)

Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Introduction

List of species

General importance
Geographic coverage Africa
Geographic coverage World
Medicinal
Timber

Croton penduliflorus Hutch.

Protologue: Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 337 (1914).

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Origin and geographic distribution

Croton penduliflorus occurs from Sierra Leone east to Nigeria and also in the Central African Republic and Gabon.

Uses

In Côte d’Ivoire a leaf infusion is taken to treat menstrual disorders. In Ghana a leaf infusion is externally applied to treat fever. In Nigeria a seed extract is taken to treat stomach complaints and uterine tumours and as an abortifacient. The seeds, mashed with cassava, are eaten as a purgative.

The yellow wood is used to make rafters.

Production and international trade

In Nigeria the seeds are sold in the local markets. Also in Nigeria, a herbal laxative is made from the seeds of Croton penduliformis together with the leaves of Senna alata (L.) Roxb. In 2006, this product was sold at US$ 30 on the internet, packaged in 30-capsule plastic containers.

Properties

The seed oil is purgative. It contains crystals composed of equal amounts of palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids. Penduliflaworosin, a furanoid diterpene, was isolated from the roots.

A petroleum ether extract of the seeds given orally to mice induced purgation and showed increased gastric emptying in rats. It also produced oedema in the stomach and mild inflammatory reactions in the intestines. In addition to its irritant effect, it produced pathological lesions in several organs after chronic oral administration. Mice showed convulsions, paralysis and death after a dose of the crude seed oil. A petroleum ether seed extract showed significant dose-dependent contractions in isolated guinea-pig ileum and rat uterus primarily through a cholinergic mechanism. It also caused 100% foetal mortality by abortion in mice and rabbits during late pregnancy as well as foetal resorption during early pregnancy.

Seed oil crystals administered orally to rats offered significant protection against gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers at moderate doses. The crystals also significantly reduced pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time in mice, thus stimulating their central nervous system, and reduced the intensity of the analgesic action of several opioids while prolonging their duration. Crude seed oil caused a reduction of the blood pressure in dogs.

Description

Monoecious medium-sized tree up to 25 m tall; branches almost glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules tiny; petiole 2–5.5 cm long, glabrous; blade elliptical to ovate-elliptical, 6–14 cm × 3.5–8 cm, base rounded to cuneate, with 2 glands on 2–3 mm long stalk, apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, margins toothed, glabrous to sparsely short-hairy. Inflorescence an elongated terminal raceme 28–42 cm long, pendulous, with many male flowers interspersed with few female flowers. Flowers unisexual, 5-merous, regular, white; pedicel c. 4 mm long; male flowers with ovate sepals c. 1.5 mm long, stellate hairy, petals obovate, c. 2 mm long, upper margin woolly hairy, stamens 12, free; female flowers with oblong to lanceolate sepals c. 2 mm long, petals absent, ovary superior, rounded, densely hairy, 3-celled, styles 3, apex 2-fid. Fruit an ellipsoid, slightly 3-lobed capsule, pale green, hairy, 3-seeded.

Other botanical information

Croton comprises about 1200 species and occurs throughout the warmer regions of the world. It is best represented in the Americas; about 65 species occur in continental Africa and about 125 in Madagascar.

Croton nigritanus

Another medicinally used West African Croton is Croton nigritanus Scott-Elliot; in Sierra Leone the crushed leaves are applied to sores.

Ecology

Croton penduliflorus occurs in lowland forest, mostly in rocky or dry localities.

Genetic resources

Croton penduliflorus is rather widespread but in many areas uncommon. However, there are no signs that it is threatened by genetic erosion.

Prospects

Croton penduliflorus has several medicinal uses in West Africa, some of which have been confirmed by pharmacological research. When used as a purgative, the seed oil should be taken with caution because it has toxic side-effects. Further research on the seed oil is warranted.

Major references

• Asuzu, I.U., 2005. A review on Croton penduliflorus seed extract. Recent progress in medicinal plants. Stadium Press, Texas, United States. 32 pp.

• Asuzu, I.U. & Chineme, C.N., 2006. Acute toxicity and gastrointestinal effect of Croton penduliflorus seed oil in mice. Phytotherapy Research 2(1): 46–50.

• Asuzu, I.U. & Chineme, C.N., 2006. Investigations of the cytoprotective effect of the gut stimulating principle of Croton penduliflorus Hutch. seed oil in rats. Phytotherapy Research 3(1): 33–35.

• Keay, R.W.J., 1958. Euphorbiaceae. In: Keay, R.W.J. (Editor). Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 1, part 2. 2nd Edition. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, United Kingdom. pp. 364–423.

• Onunkwo, G.C., 2006. Formulation of Croton penduliflorus seed into tablet dosage form. Global Journal of Medical Sciences 5(1): 29–33.

Other references

• Asuzu, I.U. & Chineme, C.N., 1989. Acute toxicity and gastrointestinal irritant effect of Croton penduliflorus seed oil in mice. Phytotherapy Research 2(1): 46–50.

• Asuzu, I.U., Gray, A.I. & Waterman, P.G., 1988. The extraction, isolation and identification of the purgative component of Croton penduliflorus seed oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 23: 267–271.

• Asuzu, I.U., Shetty, S.N. & Anika, S.M., 1989. Effects of the gut-stimulating principle in Croton penduliflorus seed oil on the central nervous system. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 26: 111–119.

• Asuzu, I.U., Shetty, S.N. & Anika, S.M., 1990. Effects of chronic oral administration in mice of the gut-stimulating crystals of Croton penduliflorus seed oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 30(2): 135–143.

• Burkill, H.M., 1994. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 2, Families E–I. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 636 pp.

• Kayode, A.E., 1981. The structure of penduliflaworosin, a new furanoid diterpene from Croton penduliflorus. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry 1981(4): 1151–1153.

• Tra Bi, F.H., Kouamé, F.N. & Traoré, D., 2005. Utilisation of climbers in two forest reserves in West Côte d’Ivoire. In: Bongers, F., Parren, M.P.E. & Traoré, D. (Editors). Forest climbing plants of West Africa. Diversity, ecology and management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 167–181.

Author(s)

• G.H. Schmelzer, PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Correct citation of this article

Schmelzer, G.H., 2007. Croton penduliflorus Hutch. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. Accessed 18 December 2024.

• See the Prota4U database.