Crateva religiosa (PROSEA)

Plant Resources of South-East Asia Introduction

List of species

Crateva religiosa Forster f.

Protologue: Diss. pl. esc.: 45 (1786).

Family: Capparaceae

Synonyms

• Crateva macrocarpa Kurz (1874).

Vernacular names

• Sacred barma (En)
• Indonesia: jaranan (Javanese), barunday (Sundanese), sibaluak (Sumatra)
• Malaysia: kepayan, kemantu, kemantu hitam, dangla
• Philippines: salingbobog (Tagalog), balai-lamok (Iloko), banugan (Bisaya)
• Cambodia: tonliëm
• Laos: kumz
• Thailand: kum-bok, kum nam
• Vietnam: bún thiêu, bún lợ

Distribution

From India throughout South and South-East Asia to Micronesia and Polynesia, wild and occasionally cultivated. Frequent in Borneo, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.

Uses

Leaves are used as a vegetable in Indo-China and India. Fruits are edible; in West Borneo they serve as fish bait. The juice from the bitter stem bark or root is used in decoction as a laxative against colic and as a febrifuge in Malesia and Thailand. In India, the flower is considered astringent and cholagogue. The bark and the leaves are pounded and applied as a poultice against rheumatism. In the Solomon Islands the leaves are heated and applied to treat earache.

Observations

• A tree, 5-15(-30) m tall, bark grey, wood yellowish-white, turning light-brown when old.
• Leaves trifoliolate; petiole (3.5-)6.5-10 cm long, on sterile twigs often much longer, stipules subulate, 0.5-1 mm long, leaflets very variable, asymmetrically oblong to ovate, 8.5-27 cm × 3-10.5 cm, central leaflet oblong to obovate, base narrowly decurrent, apex shortly acuminate, often mucronulate, veins 7-11 pairs, subsessile, thin-herbaceous.
• Flowers 2-14, rachis 3-5(-14) cm long, lower flowers inserted above the axil of normal leaves, the others subtended by an early caducous bract, 10 mm √ó 1-1.5 mm, pedicel 2-9 cm long, sepals ovate, obtuse to acute, 4-7 mm × 1.5-3 mm, petals broadly ovate to elliptical, 2-4 cm × 1-2.3 cm, narrowed base 5-20 mm long; stamens (10-)13-18(-30), filaments 4.5-11.5 cm long, pink or purple towards the top, anthers 2.5-6 mm long, gynophore 4-7 cm long.
• Berry subglobose to subovoid, 6-15 cm × 5.5-9.5 cm, whitish-grey.
• Seed dorsally keeled, sparsely to densely tuberculate.

C. religiosa is often found in periodically inundated forest, usually below 100 m altitude, but also occurring up to 700 m altitude. In India and Polynesia often planted around temples.

Selected sources

• [74] Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, R.C., 1964—1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Vol. 1 (1964) 647 pp., Vol. 2 (1965) 641 pp., Vol. 3 (1968) 761 pp.
• [13]Brown, W.H., 1941–1943. Useful plants of the Philippines. 3 volumes. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Technical Bulletin 10. Bureau of Printing, Manila, the Philippines. 1610 pp. (reprint, 1951–1957).
• [135] Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol. 1 (A—H) pp. 1—1240, Vol. 2 (I—Z) pp. 1241—2444.
• [27]Corner, E.J.H. & Watanabe, K., 1969. Illustrated guide to tropical plants. Hirokawa Publishing Co., Tokyo, Japan. 1147 pp.
• [215] Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948—1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
• [810] Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Quezon City, the Philippines. 1262 pp.
• [914] Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors), 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 8. Vegetables. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 412 pp.
• [84]Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (Editors), 1970– . Flora of Thailand. Vol. 2, 3, 4 (1, 2), 5 (1, 2). The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand.
• [91] van Steenis, C.G.G.J. et al. (Editors), 1950– . Flora Malesiana. Series 1. Vol. 1, 4–10. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

Main genus page

• Crateva (Medicinal plants)

Authors

• G.H. Schmelzer