Changes

*''Erythroxylum peruvianum'' Prescott (1847), *''Erythroxylum bolivianum'' Burck (1890).

*A shrub or small tree, with very prominent, sometimes warty lenticels on the branches; leaves .*Leaves mainly at the end of the twigs, early caducous, broad-elliptical, 3-8 cm × 2-4 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate or rounded with a mucronate tip; flowers .*Flowers in clusters of 6-12, rarely more, in the axils of leaves or ramenta, pedicel 4-6 mm, calyx with a 0.2-1 mm long tube and 5 lobes, triangular-ovate, 1-2 mm long, acute, green, petals oblong, 4-4.5 cm × 2 mm, yellow or yellowish green; fruit .*Fruit oblong-ovoid, pointed, 7-10 mm × 3-4.5 mm, red.  ''E. coca'' has heterodistylous flowers, and self-pollination or pollination between plants of the same flower type gives few seeds. In Bogor it produces abundant fruit but not much foliage.

* 193.Bruneton, J., 1995. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Technique & Documentation Lavoisier, Paris, France. 915 pp. * 379.Duke, J.A., Aulik, D. & Plowman, T., 1975. Nutritional value of coca. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 24(6): 113-119.* 432.Fravel, D.R., Stosz, S.K. & Larkin, R.P., 1996. Effect of temperature, soil type, and matric potential on proliferation and survival of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. erythroxyli from Erythroxylum coca. Phytopathology 86(3): 236-240.* 466.Ganders, F.R., 1979. Heterostyly in Erythroxylum coca (Erythroxylaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 78: 11-20.* 549.Hänsel, R. et al. (Editors), 1992. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutishe Praxis [Hagers handbook of the practice of pharmacology]. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 1209 pp.* 555.Hardman, J.G., Limbird, L.E., Molinoff, P.B., Ruddon, R.W. & Goodman Gilman, A. (Editors), 1996. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, United States. 1905 pp.* 682.Johnson, E.L., 1989. Seed viability of two Erythroxylum species stored at 4°C. Planta Medica 55(7): 691.* 683.Johnson, E.L., 1996. Alkaloid content in Erythroxylum coca tissue during reproductive development. Phytochemistry 42(1): 35-38.* 684.Johnson, E.L. & Fox, C.D., 1996. Biomass accumulation and alkaloid content in leaves of Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense grown in soil with varying pH. Journal of Plant Physiology 149(3-4): 444-450.* 880.Lydon, J., Zimmerman, R.H., Fordham, I.M. & Lusby, W.R., 1993. Tissue culture and alkaloid production of Erythroxylum coca var. coca. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2(1): 3-14.* 1119.Payens, J.P.D.W., 1958. Erythroxylaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (General editor). Flora Malesiana. Series 1, Vol. 5(4). Noordhoff Kolff N.V., Djakarta, Indonesia. pp. 543-552.* 1145.Plowman, T., 1982. The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species): 1860-1910. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 84: 329-353.* 1146.Plowman, T. & Rivier, L., 1983. Cocaine and cinnamoylcocaine content of Erythroxylum species. Annals of Botany 51: 641-659.* 1147.Plowman, T., Rudenberg, L. & Greene, C.W., 1978. Chromosome numbers in neotropical Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae). Botanical Museum Leaflets 26(5): 203-209.* 1167.Purseglove, J.W., 1968-1972. Tropical crops. Longman, London. United Kingdom. Dicotyledons. 2 volumes (1968), 719 pp. Monocotyledons. 2 volumes (1972), 607 pp.* 1178.Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Quezon City, the Philippines. 1262 pp.* 1277.Samuelsson, G. (Editor), 1992. Drugs of natural origin, a textbook of pharmacognosy. Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm, Sweden. 320 pp.* 1278.Sands, D.C., Darlington, L., McCarthy, M.K., Pilgeram, A.L. & Ford, E.F., 1995. An effective and host specific pathogen of Erythroxylum spp. Phytopathology 85: 1118.* 1301.Schultes, R.E. & Raffauf, R.F., 1990. The healing forest. Medicinal and toxic plants of the northwest Amazonia. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon, United States. 484 pp. == Main genus page ==*[[Erythroxylum (PROSEA Medicinal plants)|''Erythroxylum'']] (Medicinal plants)

*R.C.K. Chung & M. Brink