Difference between revisions of "Allamanda (PROSEA)"
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<big>''[[Allamanda]]'' L.</big> | <big>''[[Allamanda]]'' L.</big> | ||
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:Protologue: Mant. pl. 2: 146 (1771) ("Allemanda"). | :Protologue: Mant. pl. 2: 146 (1771) ("Allemanda"). | ||
:Family: Apocynaceae | :Family: Apocynaceae | ||
| − | :Chromosome number: ''x''= 9;''A. cathartica'',''A. schottii'': 2''n''= 18 | + | :Chromosome number: ''x''= 9; ''A. cathartica'', ''A. schottii'': 2''n''= 18 |
== Major species == | == Major species == | ||
| − | ''Allamanda cathartica'' L. | + | *''Allamanda cathartica'' L. |
== Origin and geographic distribution == | == Origin and geographic distribution == | ||
| − | ''Allamanda'' comprises 14 species native to South America and the Caribbean. Several species, including ''A. cathartica'' and ''A. schottii'' , are distributed throughout the tropics as ornamentals. | + | ''Allamanda'' comprises 14 species native to South America and the Caribbean. Several species, including ''A. cathartica'' and ''A. schottii'', are distributed throughout the tropics as ornamentals. |
== Uses == | == Uses == | ||
| − | ''Allamanda'' , in particular ''A. cathartica'' , has long been known in East and South-East Asia for its purgative and emetic properties when administered in small doses. Larger doses are toxic, and great care should be taken in prescribing ''Allamanda'' . ''A. cathartica'' and ''A. schottii'' are grown for their bright and large flowers as well as their foliage; they are also suitable as pot plants. | + | ''Allamanda'', in particular ''A. cathartica'', has long been known in East and South-East Asia for its purgative and emetic properties when administered in small doses. Larger doses are toxic, and great care should be taken in prescribing ''Allamanda''. ''A. cathartica'' and ''A. schottii'' are grown for their bright and large flowers as well as their foliage; they are also suitable as pot plants. |
== Production and international trade == | == Production and international trade == | ||
''Allamanda'' is used on a local scale only. The prickly fruits of ''A. schottii'' are used in floral arrangements. | ''Allamanda'' is used on a local scale only. The prickly fruits of ''A. schottii'' are used in floral arrangements. | ||
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== Properties == | == Properties == | ||
| − | ''A. cathartica'' contains hydrocarbons (long chain esters) in the whole plant, e.g. 1-triacontanol, 1-dotriacontanol, docosanoic-, tetracosanoic- and hexacosanoic acid in the roots;β-sitosterol and triterpenes e.g. ursolic acid andβ-amyrin in the leaves or stem, and lupeol in the roots. | + | ''A. cathartica'' contains hydrocarbons (long chain esters) in the whole plant, e.g. 1-triacontanol, 1-dotriacontanol, docosanoic-, tetracosanoic- and hexacosanoic acid in the roots; β-sitosterol and triterpenes e.g. ursolic acid andβ-amyrin in the leaves or stem, and lupeol in the roots. |
Other components isolated from the roots include a series of iridoid lactones: allamandin, allamandicin, allamdin, plumericin, isoplumericin, plumieride and fluvoplumierin. Both the ethanolic root extract, as well as the purified allamandin, exhibit in vivo antitumour activity against P-388 leukaemia in the mouse, and against human carcinoma of the nasopharynx (KB cells) in culture. Plumericin and its related iridoid lactones also show antifungal and antibacterial properties against a broad spectrum of micro-organisms in vitro. | Other components isolated from the roots include a series of iridoid lactones: allamandin, allamandicin, allamdin, plumericin, isoplumericin, plumieride and fluvoplumierin. Both the ethanolic root extract, as well as the purified allamandin, exhibit in vivo antitumour activity against P-388 leukaemia in the mouse, and against human carcinoma of the nasopharynx (KB cells) in culture. Plumericin and its related iridoid lactones also show antifungal and antibacterial properties against a broad spectrum of micro-organisms in vitro. | ||
| − | The antitumour and antimicrobial activities of the iridoid lactones may therefore explain the biological activity in this field of several extracts of ''A. cathartica'' . This includes inhibition of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells by an extract of the leaves in 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (an excellent potential leaf extract fungicide) and inhibitory activity of ethanolic root- and flower extracts against ''Klebsiella'' species. | + | The antitumour and antimicrobial activities of the iridoid lactones may therefore explain the biological activity in this field of several extracts of ''A. cathartica''. This includes inhibition of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells by an extract of the leaves in 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (an excellent potential leaf extract fungicide) and inhibitory activity of ethanolic root- and flower extracts against ''Klebsiella'' species. |
Other pharmacological activities of ''A. cathartica'' include hypertension in male cats after application of aqueous and alcoholic root- and leaf extracts, the alcoholic root extract being the most powerful. The laxative use of the plant was confirmed by experiments in rats. | Other pharmacological activities of ''A. cathartica'' include hypertension in male cats after application of aqueous and alcoholic root- and leaf extracts, the alcoholic root extract being the most powerful. The laxative use of the plant was confirmed by experiments in rats. | ||
| − | A series of iridoid lactones were isolated from the stems and leaves of ''A. schottii'' . These included allamandin, allamandicin, allamdin, plumericin, isoplumericin, plumieride as well as further iridoids e.g. isoallamandicin, allamcin, allamancin, 3-O-methyl derivatives of allamcin and allamancin, allamcidin, allamcidin glucoside, 13-O-acetylplumieride, plumiepoxide and protoplumericin B. In addition, some non-iridoid compounds were also present: coumarins and lignans (e.g. 9α-hydroxypinoresinol and 9α-hydroxymedioresinol, and their corresponding glycosides). | + | A series of iridoid lactones were isolated from the stems and leaves of ''A. schottii''. These included allamandin, allamandicin, allamdin, plumericin, isoplumericin, plumieride as well as further iridoids e.g. isoallamandicin, allamcin, allamancin, 3-O-methyl derivatives of allamcin and allamancin, allamcidin, allamcidin glucoside, 13-O-acetylplumieride, plumiepoxide and protoplumericin B. In addition, some non-iridoid compounds were also present: coumarins and lignans (e.g. 9α-hydroxypinoresinol and 9α-hydroxymedioresinol, and their corresponding glycosides). |
| − | Iridoids, coumarins and a lignan, isolated from the roots of ''A. schottii'' , were active in the brine shrimp and potato disk ( ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' ) assays. | + | Iridoids, coumarins and a lignan, isolated from the roots of ''A. schottii'', were active in the brine shrimp and potato disk (''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'') assays. |
== Adulterations and substitutes == | == Adulterations and substitutes == | ||
| − | The iridoid lactones derived from allamandin and plumericin, which are both very similar in structure, were also isolated from several ''Plumeria'' species ( ''Apocynaceae'' ). | + | The iridoid lactones derived from allamandin and plumericin, which are both very similar in structure, were also isolated from several ''Plumeria'' species (''Apocynaceae''). |
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | Climbers or shrubs, all parts exuding white sap. Leaves in whorls of 3-5, simple, entire, with glands in the axils, intramarginal vein present; petiole present; stipules intrapetiolar, small. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary cyme. Flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic, large, showy; sepals with or without colleters inside; corolla lobes overlapping to the left in bud, mature corolla infundibuliform, narrowly cylindrical at base, widening at point of stamen insertion, lobes broadly ovate; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, weakly coherent to the pistil head, completely included in the corolla tube, filaments short, anthers lanceolate; disk annular or crenate; ovary 1-locular, syncarpous with 2 parietal placentas, style filiform, pistil head with a collar. Fruit a spiny, 2-valved capsule, dehiscent. Seed ovoid, smooth. | + | *Climbers or shrubs, all parts exuding white sap. |
| − | + | *Leaves in whorls of 3-5, simple, entire, with glands in the axils, intramarginal vein present; petiole present; stipules intrapetiolar, small. | |
| + | *Inflorescence a terminal or axillary cyme. | ||
| + | *Flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic, large, showy; sepals with or without colleters inside; corolla lobes overlapping to the left in bud, mature corolla infundibuliform, narrowly cylindrical at base, widening at point of stamen insertion, lobes broadly ovate; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, weakly coherent to the pistil head, completely included in the corolla tube, filaments short, anthers lanceolate; disk annular or crenate; ovary 1-locular, syncarpous with 2 parietal placentas, style filiform, pistil head with a collar. | ||
| + | *Fruit a spiny, 2-valved capsule, dehiscent. | ||
| + | *Seed ovoid, smooth. | ||
== Growth and development == | == Growth and development == | ||
| − | ''A. cathartica'' flowers throughout the year. ''A. schottii'' in Java flowers from March-August. In Brazil, butterflies, bees and wasps are frequent visitors of ''A. schottii'' flowers. Successful fertilization is only achieved by butterflies of the genus ''Phoebis'' . | + | ''A. cathartica'' flowers throughout the year. ''A. schottii'' in Java flowers from March-August. In Brazil, butterflies, bees and wasps are frequent visitors of ''A. schottii'' flowers. Successful fertilization is only achieved by butterflies of the genus ''Phoebis''. |
== Other botanical information == | == Other botanical information == | ||
| − | Within the ''Apocynaceae'' , ''Allamanda'' is placed in the subfamily ''Plumerioideae'' and the tribe ''Allamandeae'' . The name refers to Frederik Allamand, a Swiss doctor who collected plants in Suriname around 1770 and sent them to Linnaeus. Linnaeus remarked that he had learned more from the one letter that Allamand sent with the plants than from 100 books because of the curious and precise observations Allamand had recorded. | + | Within the ''Apocynaceae'', ''Allamanda'' is placed in the subfamily ''Plumerioideae'' and the tribe ''Allamandeae''. The name refers to Frederik Allamand, a Swiss doctor who collected plants in Suriname around 1770 and sent them to Linnaeus. Linnaeus remarked that he had learned more from the one letter that Allamand sent with the plants than from 100 books because of the curious and precise observations Allamand had recorded. |
== Ecology == | == Ecology == | ||
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== Literature == | == Literature == | ||
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* Abe, F., Mori, T. & Yamauchi, T., 1984. Iridoids of Apocynaceae 3. Minor iridoids from Allamanda-neriifolia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 32(8): 2947-2956. | * Abe, F., Mori, T. & Yamauchi, T., 1984. Iridoids of Apocynaceae 3. Minor iridoids from Allamanda-neriifolia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 32(8): 2947-2956. | ||
| Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
* Middleton, D.J., 1999. Apocynaceae. In: Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (Editors): Flora of Thailand. Vol. 7(1). The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 70-72. | * Middleton, D.J., 1999. Apocynaceae. In: Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (Editors): Flora of Thailand. Vol. 7(1). The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 70-72. | ||
* Wijayakusuma, H.M.H., Dalimartha, S. & Wirian, A.S., 1994. Tanaman berkhasiat obat di Indonesia [Medicinal plants in Indonesia]. Vol. 3. Pustaka Kartini, Jakarta, Indonesia. pp. 20-21. | * Wijayakusuma, H.M.H., Dalimartha, S. & Wirian, A.S., 1994. Tanaman berkhasiat obat di Indonesia [Medicinal plants in Indonesia]. Vol. 3. Pustaka Kartini, Jakarta, Indonesia. pp. 20-21. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Selection of species == | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Allamanda cathartica (PROSEA)|''Allamanda cathartica'']] | ||
| + | *[[Allamanda schottii (PROSEA)|''Allamanda schottii'']] | ||
== Authors == | == Authors == | ||
| − | Slamet Sutanti Budi Rahayu | + | *Slamet Sutanti Budi Rahayu |
[[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]] | [[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]] | ||
[[Category:PROSEA]] | [[Category:PROSEA]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:10, 1 October 2022
 |
Introduction |
Allamanda L.
- Protologue: Mant. pl. 2: 146 (1771) ("Allemanda").
- Family: Apocynaceae
- Chromosome number: x= 9; A. cathartica, A. schottii: 2n= 18
Major species
- Allamanda cathartica L.
Origin and geographic distribution
Allamanda comprises 14 species native to South America and the Caribbean. Several species, including A. cathartica and A. schottii, are distributed throughout the tropics as ornamentals.
Uses
Allamanda, in particular A. cathartica, has long been known in East and South-East Asia for its purgative and emetic properties when administered in small doses. Larger doses are toxic, and great care should be taken in prescribing Allamanda. A. cathartica and A. schottii are grown for their bright and large flowers as well as their foliage; they are also suitable as pot plants.
Production and international trade
Allamanda is used on a local scale only. The prickly fruits of A. schottii are used in floral arrangements.
Properties
A. cathartica contains hydrocarbons (long chain esters) in the whole plant, e.g. 1-triacontanol, 1-dotriacontanol, docosanoic-, tetracosanoic- and hexacosanoic acid in the roots; β-sitosterol and triterpenes e.g. ursolic acid andβ-amyrin in the leaves or stem, and lupeol in the roots.
Other components isolated from the roots include a series of iridoid lactones: allamandin, allamandicin, allamdin, plumericin, isoplumericin, plumieride and fluvoplumierin. Both the ethanolic root extract, as well as the purified allamandin, exhibit in vivo antitumour activity against P-388 leukaemia in the mouse, and against human carcinoma of the nasopharynx (KB cells) in culture. Plumericin and its related iridoid lactones also show antifungal and antibacterial properties against a broad spectrum of micro-organisms in vitro.
The antitumour and antimicrobial activities of the iridoid lactones may therefore explain the biological activity in this field of several extracts of A. cathartica. This includes inhibition of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells by an extract of the leaves in 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (an excellent potential leaf extract fungicide) and inhibitory activity of ethanolic root- and flower extracts against Klebsiella species.
Other pharmacological activities of A. cathartica include hypertension in male cats after application of aqueous and alcoholic root- and leaf extracts, the alcoholic root extract being the most powerful. The laxative use of the plant was confirmed by experiments in rats.
A series of iridoid lactones were isolated from the stems and leaves of A. schottii. These included allamandin, allamandicin, allamdin, plumericin, isoplumericin, plumieride as well as further iridoids e.g. isoallamandicin, allamcin, allamancin, 3-O-methyl derivatives of allamcin and allamancin, allamcidin, allamcidin glucoside, 13-O-acetylplumieride, plumiepoxide and protoplumericin B. In addition, some non-iridoid compounds were also present: coumarins and lignans (e.g. 9α-hydroxypinoresinol and 9α-hydroxymedioresinol, and their corresponding glycosides).
Iridoids, coumarins and a lignan, isolated from the roots of A. schottii, were active in the brine shrimp and potato disk (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) assays.
Adulterations and substitutes
The iridoid lactones derived from allamandin and plumericin, which are both very similar in structure, were also isolated from several Plumeria species (Apocynaceae).
Description
- Climbers or shrubs, all parts exuding white sap.
- Leaves in whorls of 3-5, simple, entire, with glands in the axils, intramarginal vein present; petiole present; stipules intrapetiolar, small.
- Inflorescence a terminal or axillary cyme.
- Flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic, large, showy; sepals with or without colleters inside; corolla lobes overlapping to the left in bud, mature corolla infundibuliform, narrowly cylindrical at base, widening at point of stamen insertion, lobes broadly ovate; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, weakly coherent to the pistil head, completely included in the corolla tube, filaments short, anthers lanceolate; disk annular or crenate; ovary 1-locular, syncarpous with 2 parietal placentas, style filiform, pistil head with a collar.
- Fruit a spiny, 2-valved capsule, dehiscent.
- Seed ovoid, smooth.
Growth and development
A. cathartica flowers throughout the year. A. schottii in Java flowers from March-August. In Brazil, butterflies, bees and wasps are frequent visitors of A. schottii flowers. Successful fertilization is only achieved by butterflies of the genus Phoebis.
Other botanical information
Within the Apocynaceae, Allamanda is placed in the subfamily Plumerioideae and the tribe Allamandeae. The name refers to Frederik Allamand, a Swiss doctor who collected plants in Suriname around 1770 and sent them to Linnaeus. Linnaeus remarked that he had learned more from the one letter that Allamand sent with the plants than from 100 books because of the curious and precise observations Allamand had recorded.
Ecology
Allamanda grows best in full sun to light shade and is moderately drought resistant. Allamanda plants prefer a well-drained but moisture-retentive, highly fertile, loam-based soil mixture, with additional organic matter.
Propagation and planting
A. schottii is usually propagated by seed. A. cathartica can be propagated from stem tip cuttings or ripe wood cuttings, of 2-3 internodes. Cuttings are best grown under shade in a mixture of equal parts sharp sand and leaf mould. Rooting success can be increased by applying indole butyric acid at 2000 ppm for softwood and 3000 ppm for hardwood cuttings.
Husbandry
Pinching out stem tips of Allamanda when young encourages a bushy habit. Pruning at the beginning of the growth season is recommended in seasonal climates. Providing support and binding is advised when grown as a climber. Flowering is best maintained by applying a substantial amount of manure or fertilizer.
Diseases and pests
Ringspot caused by cucumber mosaic virus in A. cathartica or A. schottii occurs in South America.
Harvesting
Leaves of Allamanda are collected whenever the need arises.
Genetic resources and breeding
As both Allamanda species are cultivated worldwide and natural populations do not appear to be seriously threatened, the risk of genetic erosion seems very limited. Breeding focuses on developing cultivars with better ornamental value.
Prospects
The iridoid lactones from Allamanda show some interesting pharmacological effects in the field of antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity. This merits further research to fully evaluate their potential as possible lead compounds in drug development.
Literature
- Abe, F., Mori, T. & Yamauchi, T., 1984. Iridoids of Apocynaceae 3. Minor iridoids from Allamanda-neriifolia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 32(8): 2947-2956.
- Anderson, J.E., Chang, C.J. & McLaughlin, J.L., 1988. Bioactive components of Allamanda schottii. Journal of Natural Products 51(2): 307-308.
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1985. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. Revised edition. Vol. 1. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India. pp.164-165.
- Kumar, A., Roy, S.K. & Saxena, D.C., 1995. In vitro control of Klebsiella sp. by some higher plants. Journal of Living World 2(1): 27-30.
- Middleton, D.J., 1999. Apocynaceae. In: Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (Editors): Flora of Thailand. Vol. 7(1). The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 70-72.
- Wijayakusuma, H.M.H., Dalimartha, S. & Wirian, A.S., 1994. Tanaman berkhasiat obat di Indonesia [Medicinal plants in Indonesia]. Vol. 3. Pustaka Kartini, Jakarta, Indonesia. pp. 20-21.
Selection of species
Authors
- Slamet Sutanti Budi Rahayu
