Changes

*''Copaifera mopane'' Benth. (1865), *''Hardwickia mopane'' (Benth.) Breteler (1997).

*Mopane, turpentine tree, balsam tree, butterfly tree, ironwood (En). *Mopane (Fr). *Mupane, chanate (Po).

*Deciduous small tree, often remaining stunted as a shrub, up to 15(–24) m tall, with one or more straight boles up to 100 cm in diameter; bark rough, deeply vertically fissured, dark grey to brown, irregularly scaling off, often forming elongate-reticulate patches, inner bark fibrous, laminated, pink to red; crown narrow, with few main branches diverging at a narrow angle; twigs glabrous, smooth, grey. *Leaves alternate, compound with a single pair of leaflets; stipules ovate, up to 5 mm long, early caducous; petiole (1–)1.5–4(–5) cm long, with a small, flat appendage 2–4(–5) mm long at apex; pulvinus at base of leaflet broader than long, contiguous with the opposite one; leaflets obliquely ovate or lanceolate to falcate-triangular, (2–)4–10(–13) cm × (1.5–)2.5–5(–6.5) cm, base asymmetrical, apex acute to obtuse, margins convex, leathery, glabrous, with numerous pellucid gland dots, with (7–)8–12(–14) veins from the base. *Inflorescence an axillary raceme up to 7 cm long, simple or with one or two branches at the base, 7–13-flowered. *Flowers bisexual, regular, greenish white to yellowish; pedicel 4–8 mm long; sepals 4, nearly round, c. 5 mm long, glabrous, reflexed; petals absent; stamens 20–25, free, c. 7 mm long; ovary superior, flattened obovoid, c. 3 mm long, glabrous, style c. 2 mm long, glabrous, stigma broad. *Fruit a flattened, obliquely obovoid to kidney-shaped pod (2.5–)3–4.5(–6) cm × 2–2.5(–3) cm, narrowed at base, rounded at apex, with style remnants half to two-thirds of the way along the upper side, glabrous, straw-coloured with minute, sunken, glandular flecks of darker brown, usually with raised reticulate venation, indehiscent, 1-seeded. *Seeds almost filling the fruit, kidney-shaped, compressed, margin flattened, surface with deep folds, pitted with numerous reddish, sticky glands. *Seedling with epigeal germination.

*Growth rings: 1: growth ring boundaries distinct; (2: growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent). *Vessels: 5: wood diffuse-porous; 13: simple perforation plates; 22: intervessel pits alternate; 23: shape of alternate pits polygonal; 25: intervessel pits small (4–7 μm); 29: vestured pits; 30: vessel-ray pits with distinct borders; similar to intervessel pits in size and shape throughout the ray cell; (41: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 50–100 μm); 42: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 100–200 μm; 47: 5–20 vessels per square millimetre; (48: 20–40 vessels per square millimetre); 58: gums and other deposits in heartwood vessels. *Tracheids and fibres: 61: fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits; 66: non-septate fibres present; 70: fibres very thick-walled. *Axial parenchyma: (76: axial parenchyma diffuse); 79: axial parenchyma vasicentric; 80: axial parenchyma aliform; 81: axial parenchyma lozenge-aliform; (83: axial parenchyma confluent); 86: axial parenchyma in narrow bands or lines up to three cells wide; 89: axial parenchyma in marginal or in seemingly marginal bands; (91: two cells per parenchyma strand); 92: four (3–4) cells per parenchyma strand. *Rays: 97: ray width 1–3 cells; 104: all ray cells procumbent; 115: 4–12 rays per mm. *Mineral inclusions: 136: prismatic crystals present; 142: prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells; (143: prismatic crystals in fibres).

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* Brummitt, R.K., Chikuni, A.C., Lock, J.M. & Polhill, R.M., 2007. Leguminosae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. In: Timberlake, J.R., Pope, G.V., Polhill, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (Editors). Flora Zambesiaca. Volume 3, part 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 218 pp.

* Coates Palgrave, K., 2002. Trees of southern Africa. 3rd Edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. 1212 pp.

* Mojeremane, W. & Lumbile, A.U., 2005. The characteristics and economic values of Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J.Léonard in Botswana. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8: 781–784.

* Palmer, E. & Pitman, N., 1972–1974. Trees of southern Africa, covering all known indigenous species in the Republic of South Africa, South-West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. 3 volumes. Balkema, Cape Town, South Africa. 2235 pp.

* Roodt, V., 1998. The Shell field guide to trees and shrubs of the Okavango Delta. Medicinal uses and nutritional value. The Shell Field Guide Series Part 1. Shell Oil, Gaborone, Botswana. 220 pp.

* Ross, J.H., 1977. Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. In: Ross, J.H. (Editor). Flora of southern Africa. Volume 16, part 2. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria, South Africa. 142 pp.

* Timberlake, J., 1995. Colophospermum mopane: Annotated bibliography and review. Zimbabwe Bulletin of Forestry Research No. 11. Harare, Zimbabwe. 49 pp.

* Timberlake, J., 1999. Colophospermum mopane: an overview of current knowledge. In: Timberlake, J. & Kativu, S. (Editors). African plants. Biodiversity, taxonomy and uses. Proceedings of the 1997 AETFAT Congress, Harare, Zimbabwe. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. pp. 565–571.

* van Wyk, B.E. & Gericke, N., 2000. People’s plants: a guide to useful plants of southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa. 351 pp.

* Fanshawe, D.B., 1972. Useful trees of Zambia for the agriculturist. Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. Government Printer, Lusaka, Zambia. 126 pp.

* Goldsmith, B. & Carter, D.T., 1981. The indigenous timbers of Zimbabwe. Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe Research Bulletin No 9.

* Gondo, T., Frost, P., Kozanayi, W., Stack, J. & Mushongahande, M., 2010. Linking knowledge and practice: Assessing options for sustainable use of mopane worms (Imbrasia belina) in southern Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 12(4): 127–145.

* Henning, A.C. & White, R.E., 1974. A study of the growth and distribution of Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) Kirk ex J. Léon.: the interaction of nitrogen, phosphorous and soil moisture stress. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 9: 53–60.

* Kozanayi, W. & Frost, P., 2002. Marketing of mopane worm in southern Zimbabwe. [Internet] In: Mopane worm market survey: southern Zimbabwe. Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. pp. 1–20. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ r4d/PDF/Outputs/Forestry/ R7822_-_Mopane_Worm_Marketing.pdf. February 2012.

* Lukhele, M.S. & van Ryssen, J.B.J., 2003. The chemical composition and potential nutritive value of the foliage of four subtropical tree species in southern Africa for ruminants. South African Journal of Animal Science 33(2): 132–141.

* Makhado, R.A., Potgieter, M.J. & Wessels, D.C.J., 2009. Colophospermum mopane wood utilisation in the northeast of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 921–945.

* Mojeremane, W. & Kgati, T., 2005. Seed treatments for enhancing germination of Colophospermum seeds: a multipurpose tree in Botswana. Journal of Biological Sciences 5: 309–311.

* Mulofwa, J., Simute, S. & Tengnäs, B., 1994. Agroforestry manual for extension workers in southern Province, Zambia. Technical Handbook No. 4. Regional Soil Conservation Unit / Swedish International Development Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. 104 pp.

* Mushove, P.T. & Makoni, J.T., 1993. Coppicing ability of Colophospermum mopane. In: Pearce, G.D. & Gumbo, D.J. (Editors). The ecology and management of indigenous forests of southern Africa. Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe. pp. 226–230.

* Mushove, P.T., Prior, J.A.B., Gumbie, C. & Cutler, D.F., 1995. The effects of different environments on diameter growth increments of Colophospermum mopane and Combretum apiculatum. Forest Ecology and Management 72: 287–292.

* Smit, G.N., 2001. The influence of tree thinning on the vegetative growth and browse production of Colophospermum mopane. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 31: 99–114.

* Styles, C.V. & Skinner, J.D., 1997. Seasonal variations in the quality of mopane leaves as a source of browse for mammalian herbivores. African Journal of Ecology 35: 254–265.

* Tietema, T., Merkesdal, E. & Schroten, J., 1992. Seed germination of indigenous trees in Botswana. African Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. 106 pp.

* Tietema, T., Tolsma, D.J., Veenendaal, E.M. & Schroten, J., 1991. Plant responses to human activities in the tropical savannah ecosystem of Botswana. In: Ecological Responses to Environmental Stresses, Netherlands, Kluwer. pp. 262–276.

* Van Damme, P., Van den Eynden, V. & Vernemmen, P., 1992. Plant uses by the Topnaar of the Sesfontein area (Namib desert). [Internet] Afrika Focus 8(3-4): 253–281. http://www.gap.ugent.be/ africafocus/pdf/ 92–8–34-VanDamme4.pdf. February 2012.

* Van den Eynden, V., Vernemmen, P. & Van Damme, P., 1992. The ethnobotany of the Topnaar. University of Gent, Belgium. 145 pp.

* van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P., 1997. Field guide to trees of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. 536 pp.

* Wessels, D., undated. Mopane woodland management. [Internet] www.dfid.gov.uk/ r4d/pdf/outputs/ R7822f.doc. February 2012.

* Coates Palgrave, K., 2002. Trees of southern Africa. 3rd Edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. 1212 pp.

*  R. Melusi  , Department of Crop Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana *  W. Mojeremane

* W. Mojeremane, Department of Crop Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana

Melusi, R. & Mojeremane, W., 2012. '''Colophospermum mopane''' (Benth.) J.Léonard. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>.

[[Category:PROTA prov]][[Category:Timbers (PROTA)]]