Syzygium aromaticum
Syzygium aromaticum
(L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry
Ordre | Myrtales |
---|---|
Famille | Myrtaceae |
Genre | Syzygium |
2n = 22
Origine : nord des Moluques, Nouvelle-Guinée
sauvage ou cultivé
Français | giroflier / clou de girofle |
---|---|
Anglais | clove |
- clous fumés avec du tabac dans les cigarettes kretek
- eugénol distillé des clous ou des feuilles
- médicinal : clou et fruit
- anesthésique dentaire
- bois d'œuvre
Description
Noms populaires
français | giroflier / clou de girofle |
créole antillais | jiwof, kloujiwof (TRAMIL) |
anglais | clove tree / clove |
allemand | Gewürznelkenbaum / Gewürznelke |
néerlandais | kruidnagelboom / kruidnagel |
italien | chiodo di garofano |
portugais | cravo da Índia, cravo aromático |
espagnol | clavero, árbol del clavo / clavo de olor, clavo dulce |
turc | karanfil |
arabe | قَرُنْفُل ,قَرَنْفُل - qarunfil, qaranful |
sanscrit | lavaṃga ; lavaṃgkusuma ("fleur" de lavaṃga) ; lavaṃgakalikā "bouton de fleur de lavaṃga" |
hindi | laung (Wealth of India) ; लौंग |
bengali | laung (Wealth of India) |
gujerati | laung (Wealth of India) |
marathi | laung (Wealth of India) |
telugu | lavangamuchettu (arbre) ; lavangamulu (clous) (Wealth of India) |
tamoul | kirambu (Wealth of India) ; கராம்பு, கிராம்பு |
kannada | lavanga (Wealth of India) |
malayalam | karayampu, krambu (Wealth of India) |
Indonésie | cengkeh (PROSEA) |
Malaysia | chengkeh, chingkeh (PROSEA) |
Philippines | klabong pako, clavo de comer (PROSEA) |
Birmanie | lay-hnyin (PROSEA) |
Cambodge | khan phluu, khlam puu (PROSEA) |
Laos | do:k chan, ka:nz ph'u (PROSEA) |
Thaïlande | kanphlu (PROSEA) |
Vietnam | dinh hương (PROSEA) |
- Voir l'étymologie de Caryophyllus et girofle
Classification
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (1939)
basionyme :
- Caryophyllus aromaticus L. (1753)
synonymes :
- Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. (1800)
- Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill. (1876)
- Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock & Harrison (1958)
Cultivars
Histoire
Usages
Probably cultivated for more than 2.000 years. During the Han dynasty (220-200 BC) already well-known and used in S China. Nowadays planted (besides Indonesia as largest producer and consumer) mainly in Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba), Madagascar, Malaysia and Sri Lanka; also in S India, Réunion, the Comores, Gabon, French Guayana, Martinique, Dominica and Jamaica. The cloves of commerce are flower buds, harvested, when the calyx begins to redden. They are used whole, or variously grinded as spice or for the production of clove oil, obtained by distillation of the dried flower buds, peduncles or leaves. The main component of this oil is eugenol, one of the 12 most frequently produced etheric oils. It has great importance in the pharmaceutical and perfume industry, also in microscopy and medicine; formerly also used to synthetize vanillin. Most of the cloves are used for the production of the Kretek cigarettes in Indonesia; which are composed of ground cloves (about 30%) and tobacco (70%).
Références
- Deinum, H., 1949. De kruidnagel. In: van Hall, C.J.J. & van de Koppel, C. (Editors): De landbouw in de Indischen Archipel [L'agriculture dans l'archipel indonésien]. Vol. 2B. van Hoeve, 's-Gravenhage, the Netherlands. p. 684-719.
- de Waard, P.W.F., 1974. The development of clove buds and causes of irregular bearing of cloves (Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock et Horrison). Journal of Plantation Crops, 2(2): 23-31.
- Dufournet, R., 1968. Le giroflier et sa culture à Madagascar. Bulletin of Madagascar, 18: 216-281.
- Purseglove, J.W., Brown, E.G., Green, C.L. & Robbins, S.R.J., 1981. Spices. Vol. 2. Longman, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom. p. 229-285.
- Rollet, Bernard et coll., 2010. Arbres des Petites Antilles. Tome 1 : Introduction à la dendrologie. 276 p. Tome 2 : Description des espèces. 866 p. + 46 pl. coul. + CD de photos sur l'anatomie du bois. Basse-Terre, ONF. Voir sur Pl@ntUse.
- Tidbury, G.E., 1949. The clove tree. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London, United Kingdom. 212 p.
- TRAMIL, Pharmacopée végétale caribéenne, éd. scient. L. Germosén-Robineau. 2014. 3e éd. Santo Domingo, Canopé de Guadeloupe. 420 p. Voir sur Pl@ntUse
- Weiss, E.A., 1997. Essential oil crops. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom. p. 235-259.
- Wit, F., 1969. The clove tree Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock & Harrison. In: Ferwerda, F.P. & Wit, F. (Editors): Outlines of perennial crop breeding in the tropics. Miscellaneous Papers No 4, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. p. 163-174.