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<big>''[[Phyla nodiflora]]'' (L.) Greene</big>
__NOTOC__
:Protologue: Pittonia 4: 46 (1899).
:Chromosome number: 2''n''= (32), 36
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene - 1, habit; 2, inflorescence; 3, flower
== Synonyms ==
*''Verbena nodiflora'' L. (1753), *''Phyla chinensis'' Lour. (1790), *''Lippia nodiflora'' (L.) Michx. (1803).
== Vernacular names ==
== Properties ==
''P. nodiflora'' plants contain an essential oil. Steam volatile compounds include monoterpenes such as carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene,β-ocimene,β-pinene andγand γ-terpinene, and sesquiterpenes e.g.β-caryophyllene,β-bisabolene andδand δ-cadinene. Further characteristic compounds are benzenoids, e.g. phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenethyl alcohol and methyl salicylate, and alkanes like octan-3-ol, 2,6-dimethyl-octane.
Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of many flavonoids in several parts (aerial parts, leaves, flowers): batatifolin, lippiflorin-A and -B, nodifloridin-A and -B, nodifloretin-A and -B, and derivatives of 6-hydroxyluteolin, hispidulin, jaceosidin and nepetin. Many flavonoids occur as sulphated derivatives in the plant material. Other characteristic phytochemical compounds include the phenylpropanoid verbascoside, and the quinoid cornoside.
Petroleum ether, ethanolic or water extracts of the dried leaves of ''P. nodiflora'' were tested for anti-inflammatory- or analgesic activity in vivo. In rats, the petroleum ether-extract, at an oral dose of 0.5 g/kg, showed anti-inflammatory activity after induction of pedal oedema with carageenin, and anti-pyretic activity after induction of pyrexia with yeast suspension. Also a decoction of the plant displayed significant anti-pyretic activity using the latter model. In addition, the aqueous extract displayed analgesic activity in mice undergoing the hot-plate- and acetic acid-induced writhing assays.
Other pharmacological effects of hydroethanolic extracts include antispasmodic activity in vitro on the isolated guinea-pig ileum, and in vivo antitumour activity against P-388 cells transplanted in mice. No cytotoxicity could be detected, however, against CA-9KB cells cultured in vitro. A methanolic extract of the dried whole plants also showed no toxic effects against Vero cells, but partially inactivated herpes simplex virus-1 at a concentration of 200μg200 μg/ml. Furthermore, an ethanol extract was active as an anthelmintic; it caused paralysis in human roundworms, ''Ascaris lumbricoides'' , within 18 hours of application. Extracts of ''P. nodiflora'' are considered to be very safe. LD<sub>50</sub>values reported in the literature include > 10 g/kg orally and > 1 g/kg intraperitoneally for an ethanol extract in mice.
Extracts of ''P. nodiflora'' are considered to be very safe. LD<sub>50</sub> values reported in the literature include > 10 g/kg orally and > 1 g/kg intraperitoneally for an ethanol extract in mice.
== Description ==
*A perennial creeping herb, stems prostrate, mostly rooting at the nodes, (10-)30-90 cm tall; branches slender, procumbent or ascending, densely appressed strigillose, to puberulent or glabrescent. *Leaves decussate, variable, spathulate to obovate or elliptical, 1-7 cm × 0.6-2.5 cm, base long- or short-cuneate, apex rounded or obtuse, margin basally entire, sharply serrate above the middle, variably strigillose puberulent to glabrous on both surfaces, fleshy; petiole 2-8 mm long or absent; stipules absent. *Inflorescence axillary, at first globose-capitate, later cylindrical, often elongating in age, 1-2.5 cm × 0.5-1 cm long when mature, densely many-flowered; peduncle 1-11.5 cm long, bracteolate. *Flowers sessile, subtended by a bract, calyx deeply 2-cleft, up to 2 mm long, corolla purple or pink to white, the mouth often yellow and the throat pink-brown, the tube slightly exserted from the calyx, 4-lobed, the lobes subequal, the lower lobe larger and bifid, stamens 4, didynamous, included or slightly exserted; ovary superior, 2-locular, 1 ovule per locule, stigma capitate. *Fruit a drupe, dry, globose to oblong, flattened, 1.5-2 mm long, at maturity dividing into 2 planoconvex pyrenes.
== Growth and development ==
== Diseases and pests ==
''P. nodiflora'' is susceptible to the fungi ''Cercospora lippiae'' and ''Meliola durantae'' .
== Harvesting ==
== Literature ==
* Bhakuni, D.S., Bittner, M., Marticorena, C., Silva, M., Weldt, E., Hoeneisen, M. & Hartwell, J.L., 1976. Screening of Chilean plants for anticancer activity: I. Lloydia 39(4): 225-243.
== Other selected sources ==
*[73] Backer, 74C.A.,1928—1934. Onkruidflora der Javasche suikerrietgronden. Handboek ten dienste van de suikerriet-cultuur en de rietsuiker-fabricage op Java [Weed flora of Javanese sugar-cane fields. Handbook for the cultivation of sugar-cane and manufacturing of cane-sugar in Java]. Vereeniging het Proefstation voor de Java-Suikerindustrie, Pasuruan, Indonesia. 4 volumes + introduction. 994 pp.*[74] Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, R.C., 1964—1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Vol. 1 (1964) 647 pp., Vol. 2 (1965) 641 pp., Vol. 3 (1968) 761 pp.* [135] Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol. 1 (A-HA—H) pp. 1-12401—1240, Vol. 2 (I-ZI—Z) pp. 1241-24441241—2444. *[501] Kaleysa Raj, R., 1975. Screening of indigenous plants for anthelmintic action against human Ascaris lumbricoides: Part II. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 19: 47—49.*[696] Morton, J.F., 1981. Atlas of medicinal plants of Middle America. Bahamas to Yucatan. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, United States. 1420 pp.*[739] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.*[810] Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Quezon City, the Philippines. 1262 pp.*[992] Taylor, R.S., Hudson, J.B., Manandhar, N.P. & Towers, G.H., 1996. Antiviral activities of medicinal plants of southern Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 53(2): 97—104.*[1007] Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Harborne, J.B. & Self, R., 1987. Twelve 6-oxygenated flavone sulphates from Lippia nodiflora and L. canescens. Phytochemistry 26(8): 2281—2284.
== Authors ==
*Wongsatit Chuakul, Noppamas Soonthornchareonon, Orawan Ruangsomboon.
