Changes

*Terap: lightweight hardwood, e.g. ''[[Artocarpus elasticus]]'' Reinw. ex Blume, [[Artocarpus scortechinii|''A. scortechinii'' ]] King.

Timber of ''[[Parartocarpus]]'' spp. and ''[[Antiaris toxicaria]]'' (Pers.) Lesch. is also traded as terap; it is similar in properties and uses.

*Keledang: medium-weight hardwood, e.g. [[Artocarpus anisophyllus|''A. anisophyllus'' ]] Miq., [[Artocarpus dadah|''A. dadah'' ]] Miq., [[Artocarpus lanceifolius|''A. lanceifolius'' ]] Roxb.

Many species of ''Artocarpus'' are very important fruit producing trees, of which breadfruit ( ''Artocarpus altilis'' (Parkinson) Fosberg), jackfruit ( ''A. heterophyllus'' ), chempedak ( ''A. integer'' (Thunb.) Merr.) and marang ( ''A. odoratissimus'' Blanco) are the most important; their wood is sometimes used. Apart from the fruits, which may be prepared in different ways, seeds are roasted and eaten. Some species yield a yellow dye and the bark of ''A. heterophyllus'' yields tannin. The bark of other species yields fibres, used for example, to manufacture cloth and rope. The latex, bark, leaves and roots of some species have medicinal properties and latex may be used for the production of birdlime, as a substitute for milk in sauces, as cooking oil, to mix with wax for batik manufacture or to mix with turpentine and paint. The bark and roots of a few species may be chewed with betel ( ''Areca catechu'' L.). In Papua New Guinea, the leaves of ''Artocarpus'' are used traditionally to scour dirty pots and plates. The leaves of ''A. lakoocha'' Roxb. are used as fodder in Nepal and India. Some species are used for reforestation.

Keledang is a medium-weight hardwood. The heartwood is orange yellowish-brown, sometimes with an olive-green tinge, generally darkening considerably on exposure and usually well defined from the paler sapwood. The density is (420-)640-875(-945) kg/m³at 15% moisture content. The density of the wood of the well-known fruit trees ''A. altilis'' , ''A. heterophyllus'' , ''A. integer'' and ''A. odoratissimus'' is 505-645 kg/m³, 420-710 kg/m³, 545-790 kg/m³and 580-780 kg/m³respectively at 15% moisture content. The grain is often deeply interlocked, texture moderately coarse and even.

*Small to fairly large or sometimes large evergreen or deciduous monoecious trees up to 40(-60) m tall, exuding thick white latex from all parts; bole straight and cylindrical or sometimes irregular, branchless for up to 20 m, up to 150(-300) cm in diameter, sometimes buttressed; bark surface brown or grey to dark grey, inner bark pale brown or yellow-brown to red or pink; sapwood pale yellow or straw-coloured. *Leaves arranged spirally (subgenus ''Artocarpus'' ) or alternate and distichous (subgenus ''Pseudojaca'' ), simple, entire to pinnatifid or pinnate, pinnately veined, coriaceous, glabrous to pubescent; stipules large, amplexicaul (subgenus ''Artocarpus'' ) or non-amplexicaul (subgenus ''Pseudojaca'' ), often covering the conical bud. *Inflorescence a unisexual, cylindrical to globose head, pedunculate, solitary or paired in leaf axils or rami- or cauliflorous; numerous flowers densely packed together, embedded in the receptacle, the perianths enclosing a single ovary or stamen, usually mixed with abundant stalked interfloral bracts; male head with perianths tubular and bilobed or perforate above, to 2-4-partite, stamens short- to long-exserted; female head with tubular perianths, thin-walled below, thick-walled above, with a narrow lumen containing the style, perianths partially or completely fused with one another to form a syncarp, ovary unilocular, style apical to lateral, simple or bifid. *Aggregate fruit (syncarp) formed by the enlargement of the entire female head; mature ovary thin-walled to fleshy or horny, or developing an indurated endocarp. *Seeds large, without endosperm; embryo straight. *Seedling usually with hypogeal germination (semi-hypogeal in e.g. ''A. integer'' ).

*Growth rings usually indistinct, but when present generally marked by long wings of parenchyma and smaller pores. *Vessels diffuse, usually 3-6(-9)/mm², solitary and in radial multiples of 2-3(-4), the percentage of solitary vessels varying from 45-80% even within a sample, 160-370μm in tangential diameter; perforations simple; intervessel pits alternate, 8-13μm in diameter; vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma pits enlarged, round to oval and sometimes elongated, with or without borders; yellowish or whitish chalky substance occasionally present; tyloses often abundant and infrequently sclerotic. *Fibres 1.2-2.6 mm long, non-septate, thin- to thick-walled, with fairly distinct but small and comparatively few, simple pits. *Parenchyma vasicentric to aliform, usually with longer wings at ring boundaries, and apotracheal, in diffuse and often interrupted fine lines, in strands of 3-4 cells. *Rays 3-7/mm, 1-8(-10)-seriate, 240-1000μm high, heterocellular with one or more rows of upright marginal cells (mostly Kribs type heterogeneous II or III); sheath cells sometimes present but not well developed. *Vitreous silica reported in fibres of some species. *Latex tubes often present in rays; the occurrence of axial latex tubes has also been reported.

Species studied: ''A. altilis'' , ''A. chaplasha'' Roxb., ''A. integer'' , ''A. lanceifolius'' , ''A. ovatus'' , ''A. sepicanus'' .

Annual flowering and fruiting of ''Artocarpus'' has been reported and flowering and fruiting may be more or less continuous for the major fruit-producing species, but it may be quite variable per region and per year. During 7 years of observations in Sarawak, ''A. kemando'' did not flower at all, ''A. anisophyllus'' flowered in one year only, ''A. odoratissimus'' in 3 years and ''A. integer'' in 4 years. For ''A. heterophyllus'' in India it is reported that alternate years have heavy bearing of fruits. Pollination is variable, by small flies and beetles attracted by the sweet scent, but is in other species probably by wind, given that the male flowers are scentless and give off clouds of pollen. Pollination by bats is very likely and may play an important role, as over 25% of guano samples from one bat species ( ''Eonycteris spelaea'' ) in Peninsular Malaysia contained pollen of ''Artocarpus'' species. Fruit dispersal is by arboreal mammals and fruit bats, but some of the smaller fruits may be eaten by birds. Fruits borne on the tree trunk may be eaten by herbivores such as elephants, or pigs.

The species of ''Artocarpus'' are generally restricted to evergreen forest of the humid tropics or occur in areas with a comparatively mild monsoon climate. They occur commonly as scattered elements of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and are usually found below 1000 m altitude, but some occur up to 1700 m. The only exception to the scattered occurrence is ''A. altilis'' , which acts as a dominant member of riverine swamp forests of New Guinea. Most of the species prefer a clayey soil.

Seed weight for some species is as follows: for ''A. elasticus'' 1200-1900 seeds/kg and for ''A. heterophyllus'' about 430 seeds/kg. Generally, fresh seeds germinate easily: about 85% for ''A. altilis'' , 70% for ''A. anisophyllus'' , 90% for ''A. heterophyllus'' , 95% for ''A. integer'' , 40-70% for ''A. lanceifolius'' , 80-98% for ''A. nitidus'' , almost 100% for ''A. odoratissimus'' and 85-95% for ''A. rigidus'' . Seeds are usually rated as recalcitrant and lose their viability very rapidly; ''A. elasticus'' seeds germinate readily (85%) when sown fresh, but germination decreases to 60% for seeds stored for 1 week and to 0% for seeds stored for 2 weeks. Seeds remain viable when kept inside the fruit, thus storage may be slightly prolonged. Seeds of ''A. heterophyllus'' can be stored in a moist condition for one month with final viability of 80%. Heavier seeds remain viable for a longer period.

Germination usually starts 9-40(-60) days after sowing. It starts after 2-4 weeks for ''A. anisophyllus'' , 6-9 weeks for ''A. gomezianus'' , 3-8 weeks for ''A. lanceifolius'' and about 5 weeks for ''A. lowii'' .

''A. altilis'' , ''A. hirsutus'' Lamk, ''A. integer'' , ''A. rigidus'' and ''A. sericicarpus'' serve as rootstock for air layering, budding and grafting of other major fruit-producing species of ''Artocarpus'' .

''Artocarpus'' requires good soil conditions and can grow rather fast. Partial shade should be provided until the plants are well established (e.g. for ''A. altilis'' ). In mixed plantations of ''Artocarpus'' (e.g. ''A. heterophyllus'' ), the formation of heavy branches is considerably reduced by partial shading and close spacing (1 m × 1 m). In plantations ''Artocarpus'' soon forms a closed canopy. Natural pruning is satisfactory, as ''Artocarpus'' species are characterized by dense crowns, which also greatly reduces the development of weeds in a plantation. The large amount of litter, which easily decomposes, also reduces weed development. Thinning ''should be done carefully and only when trees have developed a stem branchless for some length (e.g. 8 m). The mortality of different Artocarpus'' species over 10 cm diameter in Sarawak was much higher (5-8%) in logged than in undisturbed forest (less than 3%). Trees should not be pruned, as the wounds may cause wood rot and woodboring insects attack the pruned trees. Excellent coppicing is reported from India for ''A. heterophyllus'' and ''A. hirsutus'' .

In ''A. heterophyllus'' a serious attack of the fungus ''Corticium salmonicolor'' has been observed causing branches and sometimes trees to die. Brown root rot, ''Phellinus lamaoensis'' , may develop on stumps of latex-containing species such as ''Ficus'' spp. and ''Artocarpus'' spp., which may restrict future use of the terrain. However, this fungus is presently believed to beentirely saprophytic. The larva of the moth ''Glyphodes caesalis'' bores into tender shoots, flower buds and young fruits of ''A. heterophyllus'' and ''A. rigidus'' and also feeds on the leaves. ''Erwinia carotovora'' causes serious bacterial dieback in ''A. integer'' and may eventually kill the tree.

The formation of heartwood starts only at a late stage: an ''A. elasticus'' tree of 40 cm diameter and 17 years old had just started to form heartwood. In a 15-year-old tree of ''A. heterophyllus'' , 5-6 cm of sapwood was found.