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[[File:Linedrawing Chenopodium album.gif|thumb|1, lower part of plant; 2, upper part of plant; 3, flower; 4, flower with 2 tepals removed; 5, fruit; 6, seed. Source: PROSEA]]
<big>''[[Chenopodium album]]'' L.</big>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Chenopodium album'' (PROTA)}}
:Protologue: Sp. pl. 1: 219 (1753).
:Chromosome number: 2''n'' = 36, 54
== Vernacular names ==
*White goosefoot, pigweed, lamb’s quarters, lambsquarters (En). *Chénopode blanc, ansérine blanche (Fr). *Catassol (Po).
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
== Description ==
*Erect annual herb up to 1.5(–4) m tall; young vegetative parts densely clothed with mealy-white or red-purple vesicles; stem angular, ribbed, with longitudal dark green or red streaks. *Leaves alternate, simple; stipules absent; lower leaves with long petioles, ovate-rhomboid, irregularly and coarsely toothed or incised, higher ones gradually with shorter petioles, elliptical-oblong-lanceolate, less deeply incised or entire; blade 1.5–18 cm × 0.5–18 cm. Inflorescence a large, axillary and terminal, leafy panicle, consisting of clusters of flowers. *Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous; tepals connate at base; stamens opposite tepals; ovary superior, depressed globose, 1-celled, style short, stigmas 2. *Fruit a nut, entirely enclosed by the incurved tepals, thin-walled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. *Seed nearly smooth, lenticular, 1–2 mm in diameter, testa thinly leathery, blackish-brown; embryo annular, surrounding the endosperm. *Seedling with epigeal germination; hypocotyl 2–7 cm long; cotyledons leafy, stalked; first pair of leaves opposite, subsequent leaves alternate. ''Chenopodium'' is a large genus (100–150 species), mainly found in temperate zones throughout the world. Some species have naturalized in the mountainous regions of the tropics. ''Chenopodium album'' consists of a very variable polyploid weed complex. In the montane zone of the central Himalayan region types selected from this complex are now cultivated for their seeds and for their leaves. The cultivars grown for the seeds can be distinguished from wild plants by their usually taller habit (up to 4 m), a large, leafless, exserted, compact and drooping inflorescence with bisexual and female flowers, and non-shattering, larger seed. In Africa some other wild ''Chenopodium'' species are used as vegetables in a similar way as ''Chenopodium album''. In Madagascar and Zambia ''Chenopodium giganteum'' D.Don (synonym: ''Chenopodium amaranticolor'' (Coste & Reyn.) Coste) (purple goosefoot, tree spinach) is considered an excellent cooked vegetable. It is closely related to ''Chenopodium album'', but also to ''Chenopodium quinoa'' Willd. (quinoa), cultivated as a grain crop in South America, and its taxonomy is still unclear. In southern Africa young parts of ''Chenopodium murale'' L. (nettle-leaved goosefoot) are used as a cooked vegetable, and in West Africa they are sometimes used in sauces. The plant is said to be a good forage although in Australia poisoning of livestock has been reported. In Morocco the seeds are eaten as a famine food. ''Chenopodium murale'' much resembles ''Chenopodium album'', but differs in its rhombic-ovate leaves with numerous teeth, clearly cymose inflorescences and sharply keeled, closely pitted seeds. The leaves of ''Chenopodium opulifolium'' Schrad. ex Koch & Ziz (grey goosefoot) are eaten as a cooked vegetable in Tanzania. The plant is also considered a good forage and sometimes it is cultivated as an ornamental. It is very similar to ''Chenopodium album'', but differs in its broader leaves and usually more glaucous mealy inflorescence. == Description ==
== Other botanical information ==
''Chenopodium'' is a large genus (100–150 species), mainly found in temperate zones throughout the world. Some species have naturalized in the mountainous regions of the tropics. ''Chenopodium album'' consists of a very variable polyploid weed complex. In the montane zone of the central Himalayan region types selected from this complex are now cultivated for their seeds and for their leaves. The cultivars grown for the seeds can be distinguished from wild plants by their usually taller habit (up to 4 m), a large, leafless, exserted, compact and drooping inflorescence with bisexual and female flowers, and non-shattering, larger seed.
=== Other species ===
In Africa some other wild ''Chenopodium'' species are used as vegetables in a similar way as ''Chenopodium album''. In Madagascar and Zambia ''[[Chenopodium giganteum]]'' D.Don (synonym: ''Chenopodium amaranticolor'' (Coste & Reyn.) Coste) (purple goosefoot, tree spinach) is considered an excellent cooked vegetable. It is closely related to ''Chenopodium album'', but also to ''Chenopodium quinoa'' Willd. (quinoa), cultivated as a grain crop in South America, and its taxonomy is still unclear.
The leaves of ''[[Chenopodium opulifolium]]'' Schrad. ex Koch & Ziz (grey goosefoot) are eaten as a cooked vegetable in Tanzania. The plant is also considered a good forage and sometimes it is cultivated as an ornamental. It is very similar to ''Chenopodium album'', but differs in its broader leaves and usually more glaucous mealy inflorescence.
== Ecology ==
The wide distribution of ''Chenopodium album'' as a weed points to a broad tolerance of climates with average temperatures ranging from 5–30°C. It tolerates night frost. In Africa and elsewhere it is a weed of cultivated and disturbed localities, usually occurring above 1000 m altitude. In the long days of the temperate and subtropical zones it grows to a large size and it is there that it offers the most serious competition to crops.
== Management ==
In Africa young shoots and leaves of ''Chenopodium album'' are collected from the wild. Cultivation and use as a subsistence seed crop is limited to an estimated 1500 ha in the Himalayas. Grain chenopods are commonly sown 1–2 cm deep in rows 25–50 cm apart depending on soil moisture content and expected rainfall. The 1000-seed weight is about 1.4 g. Seed rate is 6–10 kg/ha, resulting in 100–150 plants per m<sup>2</sup>. The seedbed should be well prepared. The seed may also be broadcast, but it is easier to weed when sown in rows. Broadcasting requires about 20 kg of seed per ha. Seedlings will emerge in approximately one week in a sufficiently moist soil with an average temperature above 10°C. The period between sowing and flowering and from flowering until maturity of the seed is very variable. Early and daylength-neutral cultivars may take 50–60 days to flowering and 90–110 days to seed maturity, whereas late and short-day cultivars need 4–5 weeks longer. Grain chenopods are predominantly self-pollinating; cross pollination is less than 10%. In Himachal Pradesh (India), ''Chenopodium album'' is often intercropped, e.g. with finger millet, potato, maize, rice, amaranth, foxtail millet, sesame, soya bean, taro, cowpea or common bean. The most important disease is downy mildew (''Peronospora farinosa'' f.sp. ''chenopodii''), which causes much damage in chenopod growing areas all over the world. The disease is favoured by warm and humid weather. Some cultivars are partially resistant. Other fungal diseases may also cause serious damage, as well as insect pests, of which the leaf miner or leaf sticker ''Eurisaca melanocompta'' is the most serious. Birds attacking the crop before harvesting or during field drying probably cause the greatest crop losses. Bitter cultivars are less prone to such attacks than sweet ones. Harvesting methods used for cereals can also be used for grain chenopods. Plants are cut, bundled and dried, threshed, and the seed is winnowed. Yields of 0.2–0.6 t/ha are reported from farmers’ fields in India. One reason for low yields may be that grain chenopods are not often grown alone but are usually intercropped. Inflorescences do not dry easily. At harvest, seed moisture content may be around 20%, and artificial drying to 14% moisture may be necessary.
== Genetic resources ==
== Author(s) ==
* P.C.M. Jansen , PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
== Correct citation of this article ==
Jansen, P.C.M., 2004. '''Chenopodium album''' L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>.
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[[Category:PROTA]]
[[Category:Vegetables (PROTA)]]