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<big>''[[Cissampelos pareira]]'' L.</big>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cissampelos pareira'' (PROTA)}}
:Protologue: Sp. pl. 2: 1031 (1753).
:Family: Menispermaceae
:Chromosome number: ''n'' = 12
== Synonyms ==
*''Cissampelos madagascariensis'' Miers (1871).
== Vernacular names ==
*Velvetleaf, false pareira, abuta (En). *Liane patte cheval (Fr). *Pareira brava, butua (Po). *Kishiki cha buga, mkasisi mkiwa, mlagalaga (Sw).
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
''Cissampelos pareira'' exhibits curare-like activity, depressing the central nervous system and relaxing smooth muscles, and has hypotensive and hypoglycaemic actions. The compound hayatinine is structurally similar to tubocurarine from ''Chondrodendron tomentosum'', the active compound in curare. It shows comparable neuro-muscular blocking activities. Cycleanine has shown significant inhibition of nitric oxide production in macrophages. Cycleanine and bebeerine suppressed hepatic injury and reduced the level of tumour necrosis factor in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide and BCG, a model for the study of fulminant hepatitis.
== Description ==
''Cissampelos'' comprises about 20 species, 7 in tropical America and 13 in tropical Africa. ''Cissampelos pareira'' is the only species with a pantropical distribution. In tropical Africa 4 varieties of ''Cissampelos pareira'' are recognized. Several other ''Cissampelos'' spp. are used in traditional medicine in tropical Africa.
=== ''Cissampelos hirta'' ===''[[Cissampelos hirta]]'' Klotzsch (synonym: ''Cissampelos pareira'' L. var. ''klotzschii'' T.Durand & Schinz) occurs in Mozambique and northern South Africa. Its rhizome is used to treat stomach-ache, the leaves are applied against ringworm and itching skin. The leaves contain reticuline, the rhizome 12-O-methylcurine and dicentrine. === ''Cissampelos truncata'' ===''[[Cissampelos truncata]]'' Engl. occurs in Uganda and Tanzania. Its rhizome pulp is applied to snakebites, while the rhizome is chewed and the sap is swallowed as an emetic. === ''Cissampelos torulosa'' ===''[[Cissampelos torulosa]]'' E.Mey. ex Harv. occurs in Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe, Mozambique and eastern and southern South Africa. In South Africa its leaves are taken to treat diarrhoea and dysentery, hallucinations, vomiting and pain, and the rhizome is taken to treat syphilis, kidney pain and toothache. The leaves contain the alkaloids bulbocapnine, dicentrine, lauroscholtzine, pronuciferine, cissacapine, cycleanine, insulanoline, reticuline and salutaridine; the stem bulbocapnine, dicentrine, reticuline, cissacapine, cycleanine and salutaridine.
== Growth and development ==
''Cissampelos pareira'' occurs in rainforest, coastal evergreen bushland and deciduous bushland, up to 2300 m altitude. It often persists on cleared ground and in plantations, and can also be found in secondary vegetation and near rock outcrops.
== Management ==
''Cissampelos pareira'' is mostly collected from the wild. Although it is occasionally cultivated, no information on its management is available.
== Genetic resources ==
== Author(s) ==
* L.P.A. Oyen , PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
== Correct citation of this article ==
Oyen, L.P.A., 2008. '''Cissampelos pareira''' L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.
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[[Category:PROTA prov]][[Category:Medicinal plants (PROTA)]]