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<big>''[[Crinum]]'' L.</big>
__NOTOC__
*:Protologue: Sp. pl. 1: 290 (1753); Gen. pl. ed. 5: 141 (1754).
:Family: Amaryllidaceae
:Chromosome number: ''x''= 11;''C. asiaticum'': 2''n''= 22, 33,''C. latifolium'': 2''n''= 22,''C. zeylanicum'': 2''n''= 22, 33
== Major species ==
*''Crinum asiaticum'' L.
== Vernacular names ==
*Cape lily, giant lily (En). *Lis de brousse (Fr)
*Indonesia: bakung
*Malaysia: bakong
Many ''Crinum'' species are planted throughout the tropics as ornamentals, but their medicinal uses are also widely known. The bulb and roots of ''C. asiaticum'' are taken throughout the region as an emetic and diaphoretic, acting without griping or purging effects. They have a strong, unpleasant smell. In New Guinea, juice from the bulb is drunk regularly for about 2 months as an alleged cure for gonorrhoea. In India, the bulb is officially listed in the Pharmacopoeia, and is taken as a bitter tonic, laxative and expectorant. It is used in biliousness, in strangury and in other urinary problems. In Indonesia, the bulbs are used to poultice wounds and as an antidote for poisoned arrows, snakebites and poisonous insects. In the Philippines and Thailand, the bulbs are prepared as an ointment and the leaves as an emollient for external use on inflammations of toes and fingers, or bruises and sprains. The leaves are also widely applied in South-East Asia for rheumatic pains, fever or headache, either oiled and heated to wilt or pounded. The juice of the leaves with a little salt is used for earache. In Vietnam, the fresh juice of the leaves is drunk as a vomitory. In Indonesia, a rub with the pounded leaves is applied to stimulate perspiration, and the oiled, heated leaves are helpful in strangury.
The bulbs of ''C. latifolium'' and ''C. zeylanicum'' are extremely acrid and the juice is said to cause inflammation of the skin and the mucous membranes. When roasted, they are used as rubefacient in rheumatism, or crushed on piles and abscesses to cause suppuration. The juice of the leaves is used for earache. In West Africa, the bulbs of ''C. zeylanicum'' are known to cause diarrhoea that is difficult to control.
Galanthamine is a potent cholinesterase inhibitor and an analgesic, which is at present under investigation for clinical use (e.g. in treatment of Alzheimer disease). Palmilycorine and lycoriside were also found to inhibit the growth of ascites tumour cells, and hippadine showed significant anti-fertility effects in a rat testes model.
The petroleum, chloroform and ether extracts of the aerial parts of ''C. asiaticum'' were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects in mice. The chloroform and ethanol extracts given orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg caused a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema. The chloroform fraction of the ethanol extract caused dose-dependent reduction in bradykinin-induced contractions of isolated rat uterus and guinea-pig ileum preparations. The MeOH, BuOH and CHCl<sub>3</sub>fractions of the leaves were screened for activity in the brine shrimp lethality test. The MeOH extract was most potent, and also exhibited activity against murine P388 D1 cells and the formation of potato disk crown gall tumours. In addition, the sap from the bulbs of ''C. asiaticum'' at a concentration of 0.1% shows antifeedant and deterrent properties of the locust ''Schistocerca gregaria''.
The petroleum, chloroform and ether extracts of the aerial parts bulbs of ''C. asiaticumzeylanicum'' were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects in mice. The chloroform contain the amines tyramine and ethanol extracts given orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg caused a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema. The chloroform fraction of zeylamine, and also the ethanol extract caused dosealkaloids lycorine, 3-dependent reduction in bradykininacetyl hamaine, 6-induced contractions of isolated rat uterus oxycrinamine and guinea6-pig ileum preparationsmethoxycrinamine. The MeOH, BuOH Aqueous and CHCl<sub>3</sub>fractions ethanolic extracts of the leaves were screened for activity in the brine shrimp lethality test''C. The MeOH extract was most potent, and also zeylanicum'' exhibited activity a high mortality rate against murine P388 D1 cells and the formation of potato disk crown gall tumours. In additionmollusc intermediate hosts, the sap from the bulbs of ''C. asiaticumBiomphalaria pfeifferi'' at a concentration of 0.1% shows antifeedant and deterrent properties of the locust ''Schistocerca gregariaLymnaea natalensis'' , of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. These extracts, however, also show toxic effects on fish and aquatic insects.
The bulbs of ''C. zeylanicumlatifolium'' and ''C. defixum'' contain the amines tyramine and zeylamine, and also the alkaloids lycorine, 39-acetyl hamaine, 6O-oxycrinamine demethylhomolycorine and 65-methoxycrinamineα-hydroxyhomolycorine. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts The stem fluid of ''C. zeylanicumlatifolium'' exhibited a high mortality rate against also contains 2-epilyocorine and 2-epipancrassidine, and the mollusc intermediate hostsbulbs pratorimine and pratosine, as well as hippadine, pratorinine, ambelline and lycorine. The sap from the bulbs of ''Biomphalaria pfeifferiC. defixum'' and shows antifeedant activity against the larvae of the mustard sawfly (''Lymnaea natalensisAthalia proxima'' , of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. These extracts, however, also show toxic effects on fish and aquatic insects).
== Adulterations and substitutes ==
Ipecacuanha ( ''Psychotria ipecacuanha'' (Brot.) Stokes (synonym ''Cephaelis ipecacuanha'' (Brot.) A. Rich.) is used as a substitute for ''Crinum'' bulbs, as an emetic.
== Description ==
*Bulbous herbs, usually the top of the bulb developing into a short false stem; bulblets developing from the bulb. *Leaves radical, rarely biseriate, linear to lanceolate, margins entire, sometimes undulating; sessile or basally subpetiolate. *Inflorescence umbellate, 1-many-flowered; scape (peduncle) lateral, solid, bracts 2, large, papery and reflexed when dry, several smaller ones between the flowers. *Flowers actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, bisexual, subsessile or pedicelled; tepals in 2 whorls of 3, subequal, united at the base into a long, narrow tube; stamens 6, inserted at the throat, filaments free, anthers medifixed, linear, often curved; ovary inferior, 3-celled, 1-many-ovuled, style filiform, long, stigma entire, small. *Fruit a subglobose capsule or a berry, indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent, with a fleshy or membranous wall, few seeded. *Seed globose or somewhat flattened, greenish or greyish.
== Growth and development ==
''Crinum'' grows best in direct sunlight with part-day shade or in bright, filtered light, avoiding full sunlight when the leaves are young. Pollination is done by insects such as bees and bumble-bees.
== Other botanical information ==
''Amaryllidaceae'' differ from closely related families like ''Iridaceae'' and ''Liliaceae'' in having alkaloids. Within ''Amaryllidaceae'' , 2 large groups are recognized, a more primitive group without corona (e.g. ''Amaryllis'' , ''Crinum'' and ''Galanthus'' ) and a more progressive group with corona (e.g. ''Hymenocallis'' , ''Narcissus'' and ''Pancratium'' ). ''Crinum'' is a close-knit genus, and differences between species are quite subtle. The ''Hypoxidaceae'' are sometimes included in the ''Amaryllidaceae'' or ''Liliaceae'' , but is considered a separate family here.
== Ecology ==
== Diseases and pests ==
In India and Vietnam, ''C. asiaticum'' is attacked by several fungi causing leaf spot, e.g. ''Cercospora criniicola'' , ''Phomopsis crini'' and leaf blight, ''Helminthosporium'' sp.
== Harvesting ==
== Literature ==
* Dassanayake, M.D., 2000. Amaryllidaceae. In: Dassanayake, M.D. & Clayton, W. D. (Editors): A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Vol. 14. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 15-28.
* Samud, A.M., Asmawi, M.Z., Sharma, J.N. & Yusof, A.P., 1999. Anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum asiaticum plant and its effect on bradykinin-induced contractions on isolated uterus. Immunopharmacology 43(2-3): 311-316.
* Yui, S., Mikami, M., Kitahara, M. & Yamazaki, M., 1998. The inhibitory effect of lycorine on tumor cell apoptosis induced by polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived calprotectin. Immunopharmacology 40(2): 151-162.
== Selection of species ==
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
*[[Crinum asiaticum (PROSEA)|''Crinum asiaticum'']]
*[[Crinum latifolium (PROSEA)|''Crinum latifolium'']]
*[[Crinum zeylanicum (PROSEA)|''Crinum zeylanicum'']]
</div>
== Authors ==
*Wardah
[[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]]
[[Category:PROSEA]]