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{{Species page (seed plant)
|image = None50x502006-11-16Sonchus oleraceus03-03.jpg|legend = Sow thistle|author = L.|order = Asterales|family = Asteraceae|genus = Sonchus|nb chromosomes = 2n = 32|origin = area of origintemperate Eurasia,<br>mediterranean|status = wild or cultivated|english = "sow thistle"|french = "laiteron, laiteron maraîcher"
}}
}}
== Description ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Sonchus oleraceus Habitus.jpg|red-stemmed individual
File:Gewone melkdistel bladrozet (Sonchus oleraceus).jpg|rosette
File:Sonchus oleraceus 2005-03-15.jpg|flower head
File:Sonchus March 2008-1.jpg|fruiting flower head
</gallery>
* annual herbaceous plant, 30-80 cm tall, with an abundant white latex
* erect stem, sparsely branched, smooth or slightly glandular, angular, hollow
* glabrous alternate simple leaves, runcinate-pinnatifid or pennatipartite, deeply pinnately lobed, coarsely toothed, winged petiole and soft spines at early growth stages
* stem leaves '' 'embracing, with acuminate auricles, spreading' ''
* glabrous involucre, sometimes flaky at the base
* yellow flower head with ligulate flowers
* fruits: obovate-oblong brownish achenes, very rough, crested with a white pappus
The sow thistle has naturalized all over the world, including in tropical areas. It is a common garden weed.
== Popular names ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-| English | sow thistle, milk thistle, hare’s lettuce|-| French | laiteron ; lastron, brède lastron (La Réunion)|-| German| Gänsedistel|-| Dutch| melkdistel|-| Italian| grespino, crespigno, cicerbita, allattalepre|-| Spanish | cerraja, cardo lechuzo, lechecina|-| Catalan | lletsó|-| Portuguese | serralha, leitaruga ; serralha branca, serralha macia, leita ruga (PROTA)|-| Modern Greek| zokhi, tsokhos|-| Chinese | 苦苣菜 - ku ju cai (Flora of China)|-| Hindi| दूधी - dudhi (Flowers of India)|-| Rajasthani| आकडियो - aakadio (Flowers of India)|-| Manipuri| খোমথোক্পী - khomthokpi (Flowers of India)|-| Nepalese| दुधे काँडा - dudhe Kaandaa, छोटे झार - chhote jhaar (Flowers of India)|-| Filipino| gagatang (igorot) (PROSEA)|-| Indonesian | tempuh wiyang, delgiyu (javanais), camawak (sundanais) (PROSEA)|-| Vietnamese| rau diếp dại, nhũ cúc, rau cúc sữa (PROSEA)
|}
*See the names of [[:fr:Sonchus (Rolland, Flore populaire)|''Flore populaire'' d'Eugène Rolland]]
*See the etymology of [[:fr:Etymologie des noms scientifiques#Sonchus|''Sonchus'']]
== Classification ==
''Sonchus oleraceus'' L. (1753)
== Cultivars ==
== History ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Gänsedistel (Wiener Dioskurides 315r).jpg|Sonkhos Dioscoride 315r
File:Sonchus laevis Mattioli 2, 257 1554.png|Sonchus laevis. Mattioli, 1554, ''Commentarii'', 2, 257
File:Sonchus oleraceus Sturm49.jpg|Sturm, 1796. ''Deutschlands Flora'', pl. 49
File:Sonchus oleraceus — Flora Batava — Volume v3.jpg|''Flora Batava'', 1814
File:46 Sonchus oleraceus.jpg|Lindman, 1917-26. ''Bilder ur Nordens Flora''
</gallery>
== Uses ==
*Read [[ :fr :Laiteron (Cazin 1868)|''Plantes médicinales'' de Cazin (1868)]]
{{Citation box
|text= La consommation de cette espèce (ar. : difef ; fr. = laiteron maraîcher) est rapportée en Tunisie par Lemordant ''et al''. (1977), alors que Täckholm (1974) la signale comme utilisée en salade en Egypte.
"Consumption of this species is reported in Tunisia by Lemordant ''et al"". (1977), while Täckholm (1974) reports it as used for salads in Egypt."
|author = [[:fr:Composées (Le Floc'h, 1983)#Sonchus oleraceus|Le Floc'h, 1983, ''Ethnobotanique tunisienne'', 272]]
}}
{{Citation box
|text= Répandus partout dans les jardins et les cultures, les laiterons sont les plantes les plus estimées pour la nourriture des lapins.
"Widespread around gardens and cultures, sow thisthles are the most estimated plants for feeding rabbits.
|author = [[:fr:L (Audier, L’herbier du village)#Laiteron|Audier, ''L’herbier du village'']].
}}
{{Citation box
|text=Cultivated in the Philippines; mostly use is made of wild-growing plants. The young leaves and shoots are eaten raw, cooked or slightly steamed, also used for fodder and as a medicinal plant.
|author =Mansfeld.
}}
* Harvested at the rosette stage, sow thistle is an excellent wild salad, used all over Mediterranean areas. Its soft spines are not troublesome. Nevertheless, this usage seems unknown further north in Europe. In Charente (France), for example, it is only harvested as rabbit food.
* At a more advanced stage, it can still be eaten, cooked, as spinach, within pies or as soups.
== References ==
*Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 150)
*Marco, Claude ; Chauvet, Michel ; Molina, James ; Ubaud, Josiane ''et al.'', 2017. ''Les salades sauvages. L'ensalada champanela''. 4e éd. revue et corr. Prades-le-Lez, Les Ecologistes de l'Euzière. 192 p. [http://www.euziere.org/wakka.php?wiki=LaitLatiCard en ligne aux Ecologistes de l'Euzière]
== Links ==
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Sonchus%20oleraceus&SearchCat= BHL]
*[http://ecocropwww.faoefloras.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropFindForm FAO Ecocropflorataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024557 Flora of China]*[http://www.feedipediaefloras.org/ Feedipediaflorataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024557 Flora of North America]*[http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Sow%20Thistle.html Flowers of India]*[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/comindxs/sowthi71.html #com Grieve's herbal]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Sonchus%20oleraceus GRIN]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Sonchus%20oleraceus&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrcapex/f?p=185:4546:132916441287460110548481770984::NO::P7_BOTNAMEmodule,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1mf_use,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2source,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Sonchus%20oleraceus,,, 31994 Mansfeld]*[http://herbecocrop.umdfao.umich.eduorg/herbecocrop/search.pl?searchstring=Sonchus%20oleraceus Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]*[http:srv/en/www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Sonchus.html Multilingual Plant Name DatabasecropFindForm FAO Ecocrop]*[http://wwwnaeb.hortbrit.purdue.eduorg/newcropuses/nexussearch/Sonchus_oleraceus_nex.html NewCrop Purdue?string=Sonchus+oleraceus Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Sonchus+oleraceus Plant List]
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonchus%20oleraceus Plants for a future]
*[http://www.feedipedia.org/ Feedipedia]*[[:en:Sonchus (PROSEA)|PROSEA on sur Pl@ntUse]]*[http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea.php PROSEA]*[[Sonchus oleraceus (PROTA)|PROTA on sur Pl@ntUse]]*[http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-65205 Tela Botanica]
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?en=1&p=Sonchus+oleraceus Prota4U]
*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Sonchus%20oleraceus Useful Tropical Plants Database]
*[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Sonchus%20oleraceus Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Sonchus.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Sonchus_oleraceus_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Sonchus+oleraceus Plant List]
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonchus%20oleraceus Wikipédia]
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Sonchus%20oleraceus Wikiphyto]
*[http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/307?pos= Wiktrop - Adventices tropicales et méditerranéennes]
[[Category:Sonchus]]
[[Category: Temperate vegetable, wild]]
[[Category: Wild salad]]
[[Category: Human medicine, secondary temperate]]
[[Category: Fodder, important wild]]