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:Family: Compositae
Sphaeranthus indicus L. - 1, flowering branch; 2, flower head; 3, marginal flower; 4, disk flower; 5, achene of marginal flower
== Synonyms ==
*Marginal (ray) flowers about 10, female, with 2 mm long corolla tube 2-3-dentate at apex; central (disk) flowers usually 3(-5), bisexual, corolla flask-shaped, lower part becoming swollen, hardened and persistent at maturity, 1 mm across, upper part narrowly cylindrical, glandular, 3 mm long, 5-dentate, flowers purple; anthers 5, white, enclosing the densely hairy style with 2-lobed stigma.
*Fruit of the disk flowers an achene, ovoid-oblong, 4-5-angled, 1 mm long, with patent erect hairs but without glands.
''S. indicus'' is common on desiccated rice fields and along ditches, often gregarious, especially on heavy soils, up to 1200 m altitude. In Java flowering is from May to February, in India from September to March. It is a weed of minor agricultural importance, easily removed manually. It much resembles the also widespread ''S. africanus'' L., which however has entire wings on the stem and globose flower heads with about 10 involucral bracts.
== Selected sources ==
*[43] Alam, S.M., 1990. Effect of wild plant extracts on germination and seedling growth of wheat. Rachis 9(2): 12—13.
*[69] Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary, M.I., Athar, A., Muzaffar, A., Afgan, F., Shahnaz, P., Shekhani, M.S. & Nuhzat, A., 1994. Microbial transformations of 7 -hydroxyfrullanolide. Journal of Natural Products 57(9): 1251—1255.
*Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, R.C., 1963-1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Vol.1 (1963) 647 pp., Vol.2 (1965) 641 pp., Vol. 3 (1968) 761 pp.
*Burkill, I.H., 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2 volumes. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, United Kingdom. 2402 pp. (slightly revised reprint, 1966. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2444 pp.).
*[215] Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948—1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
*[339] Garg, S.C. & Kasera, H.L., 1983. In vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Sphaeranthus indicus L. Fitoterapia 54(1): 37—39.
*Groom, N., 1997. The new perfume handbook. 2nd edition. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, United Kingdom. 435 pp.
*[407] Heyne, K., 1950. De nuttige planten van Indonesië [The useful plants of Indonesia]. 3rd Edition. 2 volumes. W. van Hoeve, 's-Gravenhage, the Netherlands/Bandung, Indonesia. 1660 + CCXLI pp.*[604] Li, H.-L., 1978. Compositae. In: Li, H.-L., Liu, T.-S., Huang, T.-C., Koyama, T. & DeVol, C.E. (Editors): Flora of Taiwan. Vol. 4. Epoch Publishing Co., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. pp. 768—965.*[739] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.*[767] Oyen, L.P.A. & Nguyen Xuan Dung (Editors), 1999. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 19. Essential-oil plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. 277 pp.*[951] Soerjani, M., Kostermans, A.J.G.H. & Tjitrosoepomo, G.(Editors), 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, Indonesia. 716 pp. (essential oils) 43, 69, medicinals
== Main genus page ==* Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948-1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.339, 407, 604, 739, 767, 951. medicinals[[Sphaeranthus (PROSEA)|''Sphaeranthus'']]
== Authors ==