Difference between revisions of "Ginkgo biloba"
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{{Species page (seed plant) | {{Species page (seed plant) | ||
| − | |image = | + | |image = Ginkgo biloba. filare.jpg |
| − | |legend = | + | |legend = November scenery in Florence |
| − | |author = | + | |author = L. |
| − | |order = | + | |order = Ginkgoales |
| − | |family = | + | |family = Ginkgoaceae |
| − | |genus = | + | |genus = Ginkgo |
| − | |nb chromosomes = 2n = | + | |nb chromosomes = 2n = 24 |
| − | |origin = | + | |origin = China |
| − | |status = | + | |status = cultivated |
| − | |english = | + | |english = "ginkgo" |
| − | |french = | + | |french = "ginkgo" |
}} | }} | ||
| − | |||
{{Box | {{Box | ||
| Line 18: | Line 17: | ||
|color = lightgreen | |color = lightgreen | ||
|text = | |text = | ||
| + | * ornamental and alignment tree | ||
| + | * "almonds" consumed in China and called "white nuts" | ||
| + | * many medicinal uses | ||
| + | * wood used for furniture | ||
| + | * bark: tannin | ||
| + | * sacred tree of Buddhists, planted near temples | ||
}} | }} | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| + | |||
| + | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
| + | File:Ginkgo-biloba-male.JPG|male cones | ||
| + | File:Ginkgo biloba 006.JPG|female flowers | ||
| + | File:Ginkgo biloba0.jpg|immature fruits | ||
| + | File:Ginkgo biloba seeds-002.jpg|ripe fruit | ||
| + | File:Gingko biloba4.jpg|automn leaves on the ground | ||
| + | File:Germination.jpg|germination of fertilized ovules | ||
| + | File:Levée gingkos.jpg|seed emergence under a female tree | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | |||
| + | * dioecious tree, up to 40 m tall | ||
| + | * light gray bark, with longitudinal rifts | ||
| + | * petiolate leaves, up to 9 cm long, fan-shaped, turning golden yellow in autumn | ||
| + | * long twigs with two-lobes split leaves | ||
| + | * short twigs with unsplit leaves | ||
| + | * ivory colored male cones, 1-2 cm long | ||
| + | * elliptical or subglobular seeds, 2-3 cm long, with a yellow or orange sarcotesta becoming viscous and foul-smelling, and a hard and white sclerotesta | ||
| + | |||
| + | The ginkgo is considered as a "living fossil", since it's the only representative of the “Ginkgophyta” division. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The seeds germinate without dormancy. Female individuals are rarely planted because of the smell and stickiness of the seeds on the ground. | ||
== Popular names == | == Popular names == | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | ||
| − | + | | english | |
| + | | ginkgo tree, maidenhair tree / ginkgo nut, “white nut” | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | french | ||
| + | | ginkgo, arbre aux quarante écus / noix de gingko | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | german | ||
| + | | Ginkgobaum | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | dutch | ||
| + | | japanse noteboom | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | italian | ||
| + | | gingko, noce del Giappone | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | chinese | ||
| + | | 银杏 - yínxìng (« abricotier d’argent »), bái guǒ (« fruit blanc ») | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | japanese | ||
| + | | ginkyō | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *See the etymology for [[Dictionnaire étymologique#Ginkgo|''Ginkgo'']] | ||
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
| + | ''Ginkgo biloba'' L. (1771) | ||
== Cultivars == | == Cultivars == | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
| + | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
| + | File:Ginkgo biloba SZ136.png|Siebold & Zuccarini, ''Flora Japonica'', 1870 | ||
| + | File:Affichette informative Ginkgo Mtpl z5682.jpg|First ginkgo in France (Montpellier) | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | Ginkgo has long been considered extinct in nature. It is now believed that it could have persisted within two Pleistocene refuges in southwest China and east China (West Mount Tianmu). From there, it could have propagated, first to the rest of China, and then to Korea and Japan (during the 13th-14th centuries). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ginkgo was first introduced to Europe by Engelbert Kaempfer, who first saw it in Japan in 1691 in Japan, and described it in '' Amoenitatum exoticarum '' in 1712. He's believed to have brought seeds back to Utrecht, where the first tree was planted in 1730. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Then, male individuals have been implanted on the following dates : | ||
| + | * 1730, Geetbets (Belgium) | ||
| + | * 1750, Anduze (France) | ||
| + | * 1750, Padua (Italy) | ||
| + | * 1758, Slavkov (Czech Republic) | ||
| + | * 1762, Kew (United Kingdom) | ||
| + | * 1770, Vienna (Austria) | ||
| + | * 1777, Daruvar (Croatia) | ||
| + | * 1781, Harbke (Germany) | ||
| + | * 1784, Philadelphia (United States) | ||
| + | * 1788, Montpellier (France) (1795 according to the label) | ||
| + | |||
| + | The first known female individual grows in Geneva (Switzerland). One of its grafts was then grafted in 1814 on the tree of Montpellier (1830 according to the label). | ||
| + | Curiously, according to Zhao '' et al. '' (2010), European genotypes actually come from Korea, and not from Japan. | ||
== Uses == | == Uses == | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Ginkgo Seed.JPG|thumb|white nuts]] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| + | |||
| + | *Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 282) | ||
| + | *Del Tredici, P., Ling, H. & Yang, C., 1992. The Ginkgos of Tian Mu Shan. ''Conservation Biology'', '''6''':202-209. | ||
| + | *Franklin, A. H., 1959. ''Ginkgo biloba'' L.: Historical summary and bibliography. ''Virginia J. Sci.'', n. s. '''10''': 131-176. | ||
| + | *Gong, W., Chen, C., Dobes C., Fu, C.X. & Koch, M.A. 2008. Phylogeography of a living fossil: Pleistocene glaciations forced ''Ginkgo biloba'' L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion. ''Molec. Phylog. Evol.'', '''48''': 1094–1105. | ||
| + | *Mure, Véronique, 2014. L’arbre aux quarante écus, des jardins des rois à Hiroshima. [https://www.botanique-jardins-paysages.com/larbre-aux-quarante-ecus-des-jardins-des-rois-a-hiroshima/ ''Botanique, Jardins, Paysages'']. | ||
| + | *Nagata, Toshiyuki, DuVal, Ashley & Crane, Peter R., 2015. Engelbert Kaempfer, Genemon Imamura and the origin of the name ''Ginkgo''. ''Taxon'', '''64'''(1) : 131-136. | ||
| + | *Zhao, Yunpeng ''et al.'', 2010. Out of China : distribution history of ''Ginkgo biloba'' L. ''Taxon'', '''59'''(2) : 495-504. | ||
== Links == | == Links == | ||
| Line 49: | Line 130: | ||
*[http://www.tela-botanica.org/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Ginkgo%20biloba Tela Botanica] | *[http://www.tela-botanica.org/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Ginkgo%20biloba Tela Botanica] | ||
*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Ginkgo%20biloba Useful Tropical Plants Database] | *[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Ginkgo%20biloba Useful Tropical Plants Database] | ||
| − | *[https:// | + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo%20biloba Wikipédia] |
Revision as of 12:49, 24 February 2021
Ginkgo biloba L.
| Order | Ginkgoales |
|---|---|
| Family | Ginkgoaceae |
| Genus | Ginkgo |
2n = 24
Origin : China
cultivated
| English | "ginkgo" |
|---|---|
| French | "ginkgo" |
Uses summary
- ornamental and alignment tree
- "almonds" consumed in China and called "white nuts"
- many medicinal uses
- wood used for furniture
- bark: tannin
- sacred tree of Buddhists, planted near temples
Contents
Description
male cones
female flowers
immature fruits
ripe fruit
automn leaves on the ground
germination of fertilized ovules
seed emergence under a female tree
- dioecious tree, up to 40 m tall
- light gray bark, with longitudinal rifts
- petiolate leaves, up to 9 cm long, fan-shaped, turning golden yellow in autumn
- long twigs with two-lobes split leaves
- short twigs with unsplit leaves
- ivory colored male cones, 1-2 cm long
- elliptical or subglobular seeds, 2-3 cm long, with a yellow or orange sarcotesta becoming viscous and foul-smelling, and a hard and white sclerotesta
The ginkgo is considered as a "living fossil", since it's the only representative of the “Ginkgophyta” division.
The seeds germinate without dormancy. Female individuals are rarely planted because of the smell and stickiness of the seeds on the ground.
Popular names
| english | ginkgo tree, maidenhair tree / ginkgo nut, “white nut” |
| french | ginkgo, arbre aux quarante écus / noix de gingko |
| german | Ginkgobaum |
| dutch | japanse noteboom |
| italian | gingko, noce del Giappone |
| chinese | 银杏 - yínxìng (« abricotier d’argent »), bái guǒ (« fruit blanc ») |
| japanese | ginkyō |
- See the etymology for Ginkgo
Classification
Ginkgo biloba L. (1771)
Cultivars
History
Siebold & Zuccarini, Flora Japonica, 1870
First ginkgo in France (Montpellier)
Ginkgo has long been considered extinct in nature. It is now believed that it could have persisted within two Pleistocene refuges in southwest China and east China (West Mount Tianmu). From there, it could have propagated, first to the rest of China, and then to Korea and Japan (during the 13th-14th centuries).
Ginkgo was first introduced to Europe by Engelbert Kaempfer, who first saw it in Japan in 1691 in Japan, and described it in Amoenitatum exoticarum in 1712. He's believed to have brought seeds back to Utrecht, where the first tree was planted in 1730.
Then, male individuals have been implanted on the following dates :
- 1730, Geetbets (Belgium)
- 1750, Anduze (France)
- 1750, Padua (Italy)
- 1758, Slavkov (Czech Republic)
- 1762, Kew (United Kingdom)
- 1770, Vienna (Austria)
- 1777, Daruvar (Croatia)
- 1781, Harbke (Germany)
- 1784, Philadelphia (United States)
- 1788, Montpellier (France) (1795 according to the label)
The first known female individual grows in Geneva (Switzerland). One of its grafts was then grafted in 1814 on the tree of Montpellier (1830 according to the label). Curiously, according to Zhao et al. (2010), European genotypes actually come from Korea, and not from Japan.
Uses
References
- Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 282)
- Del Tredici, P., Ling, H. & Yang, C., 1992. The Ginkgos of Tian Mu Shan. Conservation Biology, 6:202-209.
- Franklin, A. H., 1959. Ginkgo biloba L.: Historical summary and bibliography. Virginia J. Sci., n. s. 10: 131-176.
- Gong, W., Chen, C., Dobes C., Fu, C.X. & Koch, M.A. 2008. Phylogeography of a living fossil: Pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion. Molec. Phylog. Evol., 48: 1094–1105.
- Mure, Véronique, 2014. L’arbre aux quarante écus, des jardins des rois à Hiroshima. Botanique, Jardins, Paysages.
- Nagata, Toshiyuki, DuVal, Ashley & Crane, Peter R., 2015. Engelbert Kaempfer, Genemon Imamura and the origin of the name Ginkgo. Taxon, 64(1) : 131-136.
- Zhao, Yunpeng et al., 2010. Out of China : distribution history of Ginkgo biloba L. Taxon, 59(2) : 495-504.
