55,788
edits
Changes
Created page with "{{PROSEAUpperbar}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Rubus'' (PROSEA)}} <big>''Rubus'' L.</big> __NOTOC__ :Protologue: Sp. pl. 1: 492 (1753); Gen. pl. ed. 5: 864 (1754). :Family: Rosace..."
{{PROSEAUpperbar}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Rubus'' (PROSEA)}}
<big>''[[Rubus]]'' L.</big>
__NOTOC__
:Protologue: Sp. pl. 1: 492 (1753); Gen. pl. ed. 5: 864 (1754).
:Family: Rosaceae
:Chromosome number: ''x''= 7;''R. moluccanus'': 2n = 28
== Major species ==
''Rubus moluccanus'' L., ''R. rosifolius'' J.E. Smith.
== Vernacular names ==
*Blackberry, raspberry (En). Mûre, framboise (Fr).
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
''Rubus'' comprises some hundreds of species, apart from the microspecies in the apogamous ''R. fruticosus'' L./ ''R. caesius'' L. complex, and has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. In Malesia about 50 native species are found, New Guinea and the Philippines being richest in species, followed by Java and Sumatra. Within Malesia, New Guinea is the only centre of endemism with 12 endemic species; the other islands have very few endemic species or none at all.
== Uses ==
The traditional medicinal use of South-East Asian ''Rubus'' is very similar to the traditional use of ''Rubus'' in Europe. Leaves and roots are used for their astringent and tonic properties in mild diarrhoea. In Malaysia, a decoction of the roots of ''R. moluccanus'' is drunk for dysentery and urinary disorders. The leaves are externally applied in fever. The leaves are included in a traditional steam bath for the first week after childbirth. In Indonesia, the roots are chewed with other ingredients for intestinal disorders. Fresh leaves chewed with roasted coconut are said to cure thrush. Chewed with betel nut ( ''Areca catechu'' L.) they are considered antitussive and a remedy to avoid a miscarriage. The fruits of ''R. moluccanus'' and ''R. rosifolius'' are occasionally mentioned as a remedy for nightly micturition. In Papua New Guinea, the leaves of both species are chewed and spat onto sores, to promote healing. In the Philippines, a decoction of the roots of ''R. rosifolius'' is given as an expectorant, and a syrup of the fruit as a demulcent. ''R. alceifolius'' Poir. is used indiscriminately as ''R. moluccanus'' in traditional Thai and Malay medicine. In Sabah, the pounded inner stem of ''R. alceifolius'' or ''R. moluccanus'' (misidentified as ''R. glomeratus'' Blume) is applied as a paste to mouth ulcers. In Vietnam, the fruit of ''R. alceifolius'' is used in folk medicine as a stomachic. In Papua New Guinea, the fruits of ''R. glomeratus'' (synonym ''R. ledermannii'' Focke) cooked and eaten with fish, are considered a tonic. In Simbu Province (Papua New Guinea), the leaves with bark sap of ''Pipturus argenteus'' (J.G. Forster) Wedd. added are heated and eaten daily to relieve a bad cough. In Morobe Province, the extracted stem sap of ''R. neo-ebudicus'' Guillaumin (synonym ''R. brassii'' Merr. & Perry) is drunk as a tonic by elderly people. In Java (Indonesia), the ground leaves of ''R. fraxinifolius'' Poir. mixed with water are occasionally used in dysentery. In Papua (Indonesia), it is used to treat wounds and for internal sickness. In Papua New Guinea, the juice of heated leaves of possibly the former species (identified as ''R. muelleri'' F.M. Bailey, nom. illeg.) is used on cuts and scratches. Roots and leaves of ''R. parvifolius'' L. are used in folk medicine in East Asia and eastern Australia. The plant is credited with astringent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antipyretic, antilithic, antithrombotic and resolvent properties. In Sumatra (Indonesia), the shoots of ''R. alceifolius'' are eaten as a vegetable. The fruits of several species are locally collected as luxury food. Outside their natural range ''Rubus'' are often considered noxious weeds.
== Production and international trade ==
''Rubus'' is only used on a local scale.
== Properties ==
''Rubus'' plants contain tannins, which, due to their astringent properties are responsible for their traditional use in cases of diarrhoea and throat troubles. As an example, dried leaves of ''Rubus fruticosus'' L. (blackberry) contain about 8% tannin of the hydrolysable type (gallotannins).
Aqueous extracts of ''R. parvifolius'' , from China, proved useful in shortening bleeding time and coagulation time in mice, shortening euglobulinlysis time in rabbits, and inhibited platelet thrombosis in rabbits in vivo. ''R. parvifolius'' extracts increased coronary flow in isolated rat heart, preventing rats from pituitrin-induced changes of electrocardiogram (ECG). Furthermore, ''R. parvifolius'' extracts increased the tolerance of mice to hypoxia. The toxicity of ''R. parvifolius'' is reported to be insignificant.
== Description ==
Shrubs, usually climbing, straggling or creeping, rarely erect; twigs and other parts nearly always with prickles. Leaves alternate, compound or simple; petiole present; stipules free. Inflorescence terminal, mostly paniculate, at the end of axillary leafy branches of determinate growth. Flowers 5-merous, mostly bisexual; sepals free, persistent; petals free, usually white; stamens many, ovaries many on a mostly elevated torus. Fruits cohering and falling as a collective fruit, either together with the dried torus (blackberry-like) or without and hollow (raspberry-like). Seed with a thin testa.
== Growth and development ==
Pollination is by insects and dispersal is obviously endozoochorous.
== Other botanical information ==
''R. alceifolius'' , ''R. glomeratus'' and ''R. moluccanus'' are closely resembling species that are often confused. Plants are often designated as the more common, and very variable, ''R. moluccanus'' . Uses mentioned for any of these species may well be mutually exchangeable. ''R. alceifolius'' differs in the shape of the closed flower buds and in the stipules which have very thin, filiform lobes. ''R. glomeratus'' differs in the leaf indumentum, which is never entirely closed and the leaf surface remains visible.
== Ecology ==
The majority of Malesian ''Rubus'' belongs to the mountain flora and occurs only above 1000-1500 m altitude. A dozen ''Rubus'' species are found at lower elevations, and only 3 species occur down to sea-level ( ''R. fraxinifolius'' , ''R. moluccanus'' and ''R. rosifolius'' ). Most species are light-loving and are restricted to more or less open places, either natural or anthropogenic.
== Propagation and planting ==
Vegetative propagation of ''Rubus'' is by root suckers (stolons).
== Diseases and pests ==
''R. rosifolius'' is susceptible to strawberry mild yellow edge potexvirus (SMYEPV), which causes yellow leaf margins in e.g. strawberry.
== Harvesting ==
Leaves and roots of ''Rubus'' are collected whenever the need arises. Fruits are collected when ripe.
== Handling after harvest ==
Roots and leaves of ''Rubus'' are either used fresh or dried for future use.
== Genetic resources and breeding ==
All ''Rubus'' species treated here have a large area of distribution, either naturally or as a result of cultivation, and do not seem to be at risk of genetic erosion. Their preference for disturbed habitats tends to make them less vulnerable. However, molecular studies have revealed that in its natural range intra-island gene flow in ''R. moluccanus'' is high, but significant differentiation may occur over even short distances on individual islands. Preservation of only a limited number of populations would therefore be inadequate. Likewise the genetic basis of ''Rubus'' is very limited, given that it behaves as a weed outside its natural range.
== Prospects ==
Little is known about the phytochemistry and phyto-pharmacology of ''Rubus'' . The presence of (gallo-)tannins is well documented, as well as the application in cases of diarrhoea and throat-troubles of these compounds. More research is needed to fully evaluate other possibilities.
== Literature ==
* Bean, A.R., 1997. A revision of Rubus subg. Idaeobatus (Focke) Focke (Rosaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 4(4): 677-689.
* Busemeyer, D.T., Pelikan, S., Kennedy, R.S. & Rogstad, S.H., 1997. Genetic diversity of Philippine Rubus moluccanus L. (Rosaceae) populations examined with VNTR DNA probes. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13(6): 867-884.
* Holdsworth, D.K., 1993. Medicinal plants of the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea. Part II. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 31: 19-22.
* Kalkman C., 1991. Rubus L. In: Verheij, E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands. pp. 277-278.
* Perry, L.M., 1980. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia. Attributed properties and uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States & London, United Kingdom. p. 346.
* Zhu, Z., Zhang, H. & Yuan, M., 1990. Pharmacological study of Rubus parvifolius L. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 15(7): 427-429, 447. (in Chinese)
== Authors ==
J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg
[[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]]
[[Category:PROSEA]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Rubus'' (PROSEA)}}
<big>''[[Rubus]]'' L.</big>
__NOTOC__
:Protologue: Sp. pl. 1: 492 (1753); Gen. pl. ed. 5: 864 (1754).
:Family: Rosaceae
:Chromosome number: ''x''= 7;''R. moluccanus'': 2n = 28
== Major species ==
''Rubus moluccanus'' L., ''R. rosifolius'' J.E. Smith.
== Vernacular names ==
*Blackberry, raspberry (En). Mûre, framboise (Fr).
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
''Rubus'' comprises some hundreds of species, apart from the microspecies in the apogamous ''R. fruticosus'' L./ ''R. caesius'' L. complex, and has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. In Malesia about 50 native species are found, New Guinea and the Philippines being richest in species, followed by Java and Sumatra. Within Malesia, New Guinea is the only centre of endemism with 12 endemic species; the other islands have very few endemic species or none at all.
== Uses ==
The traditional medicinal use of South-East Asian ''Rubus'' is very similar to the traditional use of ''Rubus'' in Europe. Leaves and roots are used for their astringent and tonic properties in mild diarrhoea. In Malaysia, a decoction of the roots of ''R. moluccanus'' is drunk for dysentery and urinary disorders. The leaves are externally applied in fever. The leaves are included in a traditional steam bath for the first week after childbirth. In Indonesia, the roots are chewed with other ingredients for intestinal disorders. Fresh leaves chewed with roasted coconut are said to cure thrush. Chewed with betel nut ( ''Areca catechu'' L.) they are considered antitussive and a remedy to avoid a miscarriage. The fruits of ''R. moluccanus'' and ''R. rosifolius'' are occasionally mentioned as a remedy for nightly micturition. In Papua New Guinea, the leaves of both species are chewed and spat onto sores, to promote healing. In the Philippines, a decoction of the roots of ''R. rosifolius'' is given as an expectorant, and a syrup of the fruit as a demulcent. ''R. alceifolius'' Poir. is used indiscriminately as ''R. moluccanus'' in traditional Thai and Malay medicine. In Sabah, the pounded inner stem of ''R. alceifolius'' or ''R. moluccanus'' (misidentified as ''R. glomeratus'' Blume) is applied as a paste to mouth ulcers. In Vietnam, the fruit of ''R. alceifolius'' is used in folk medicine as a stomachic. In Papua New Guinea, the fruits of ''R. glomeratus'' (synonym ''R. ledermannii'' Focke) cooked and eaten with fish, are considered a tonic. In Simbu Province (Papua New Guinea), the leaves with bark sap of ''Pipturus argenteus'' (J.G. Forster) Wedd. added are heated and eaten daily to relieve a bad cough. In Morobe Province, the extracted stem sap of ''R. neo-ebudicus'' Guillaumin (synonym ''R. brassii'' Merr. & Perry) is drunk as a tonic by elderly people. In Java (Indonesia), the ground leaves of ''R. fraxinifolius'' Poir. mixed with water are occasionally used in dysentery. In Papua (Indonesia), it is used to treat wounds and for internal sickness. In Papua New Guinea, the juice of heated leaves of possibly the former species (identified as ''R. muelleri'' F.M. Bailey, nom. illeg.) is used on cuts and scratches. Roots and leaves of ''R. parvifolius'' L. are used in folk medicine in East Asia and eastern Australia. The plant is credited with astringent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antipyretic, antilithic, antithrombotic and resolvent properties. In Sumatra (Indonesia), the shoots of ''R. alceifolius'' are eaten as a vegetable. The fruits of several species are locally collected as luxury food. Outside their natural range ''Rubus'' are often considered noxious weeds.
== Production and international trade ==
''Rubus'' is only used on a local scale.
== Properties ==
''Rubus'' plants contain tannins, which, due to their astringent properties are responsible for their traditional use in cases of diarrhoea and throat troubles. As an example, dried leaves of ''Rubus fruticosus'' L. (blackberry) contain about 8% tannin of the hydrolysable type (gallotannins).
Aqueous extracts of ''R. parvifolius'' , from China, proved useful in shortening bleeding time and coagulation time in mice, shortening euglobulinlysis time in rabbits, and inhibited platelet thrombosis in rabbits in vivo. ''R. parvifolius'' extracts increased coronary flow in isolated rat heart, preventing rats from pituitrin-induced changes of electrocardiogram (ECG). Furthermore, ''R. parvifolius'' extracts increased the tolerance of mice to hypoxia. The toxicity of ''R. parvifolius'' is reported to be insignificant.
== Description ==
Shrubs, usually climbing, straggling or creeping, rarely erect; twigs and other parts nearly always with prickles. Leaves alternate, compound or simple; petiole present; stipules free. Inflorescence terminal, mostly paniculate, at the end of axillary leafy branches of determinate growth. Flowers 5-merous, mostly bisexual; sepals free, persistent; petals free, usually white; stamens many, ovaries many on a mostly elevated torus. Fruits cohering and falling as a collective fruit, either together with the dried torus (blackberry-like) or without and hollow (raspberry-like). Seed with a thin testa.
== Growth and development ==
Pollination is by insects and dispersal is obviously endozoochorous.
== Other botanical information ==
''R. alceifolius'' , ''R. glomeratus'' and ''R. moluccanus'' are closely resembling species that are often confused. Plants are often designated as the more common, and very variable, ''R. moluccanus'' . Uses mentioned for any of these species may well be mutually exchangeable. ''R. alceifolius'' differs in the shape of the closed flower buds and in the stipules which have very thin, filiform lobes. ''R. glomeratus'' differs in the leaf indumentum, which is never entirely closed and the leaf surface remains visible.
== Ecology ==
The majority of Malesian ''Rubus'' belongs to the mountain flora and occurs only above 1000-1500 m altitude. A dozen ''Rubus'' species are found at lower elevations, and only 3 species occur down to sea-level ( ''R. fraxinifolius'' , ''R. moluccanus'' and ''R. rosifolius'' ). Most species are light-loving and are restricted to more or less open places, either natural or anthropogenic.
== Propagation and planting ==
Vegetative propagation of ''Rubus'' is by root suckers (stolons).
== Diseases and pests ==
''R. rosifolius'' is susceptible to strawberry mild yellow edge potexvirus (SMYEPV), which causes yellow leaf margins in e.g. strawberry.
== Harvesting ==
Leaves and roots of ''Rubus'' are collected whenever the need arises. Fruits are collected when ripe.
== Handling after harvest ==
Roots and leaves of ''Rubus'' are either used fresh or dried for future use.
== Genetic resources and breeding ==
All ''Rubus'' species treated here have a large area of distribution, either naturally or as a result of cultivation, and do not seem to be at risk of genetic erosion. Their preference for disturbed habitats tends to make them less vulnerable. However, molecular studies have revealed that in its natural range intra-island gene flow in ''R. moluccanus'' is high, but significant differentiation may occur over even short distances on individual islands. Preservation of only a limited number of populations would therefore be inadequate. Likewise the genetic basis of ''Rubus'' is very limited, given that it behaves as a weed outside its natural range.
== Prospects ==
Little is known about the phytochemistry and phyto-pharmacology of ''Rubus'' . The presence of (gallo-)tannins is well documented, as well as the application in cases of diarrhoea and throat-troubles of these compounds. More research is needed to fully evaluate other possibilities.
== Literature ==
* Bean, A.R., 1997. A revision of Rubus subg. Idaeobatus (Focke) Focke (Rosaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 4(4): 677-689.
* Busemeyer, D.T., Pelikan, S., Kennedy, R.S. & Rogstad, S.H., 1997. Genetic diversity of Philippine Rubus moluccanus L. (Rosaceae) populations examined with VNTR DNA probes. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13(6): 867-884.
* Holdsworth, D.K., 1993. Medicinal plants of the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea. Part II. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 31: 19-22.
* Kalkman C., 1991. Rubus L. In: Verheij, E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands. pp. 277-278.
* Perry, L.M., 1980. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia. Attributed properties and uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States & London, United Kingdom. p. 346.
* Zhu, Z., Zhang, H. & Yuan, M., 1990. Pharmacological study of Rubus parvifolius L. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 15(7): 427-429, 447. (in Chinese)
== Authors ==
J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg
[[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]]
[[Category:PROSEA]]