Difference between revisions of "Phytolacca americana (PROSEA)"

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<big>''[[Phytolacca americana]]'' L.</big>
 
<big>''[[Phytolacca americana]]'' L.</big>
 
__NOTOC__
 
__NOTOC__
 +
:Protologue: Sp. pl. 1: 441 (1753).
 +
 
:Family: Phytolaccaceae
 
:Family: Phytolaccaceae
  
 
== Synonyms ==
 
== Synonyms ==
  
−
*''Phytolacca decandra'' L.
+
*''Phytolacca decandra'' L. (1763).
  
 
== Vernacular names ==
 
== Vernacular names ==
Line 22: Line 24:
 
== Uses ==
 
== Uses ==
  
−
Young shoots, when cooked, are used as a vegetable. The red fruits have been used to colour wine, but are slightly toxic. All parts, especially the roots, are used medicinally as narcotic, emetic and purgative. The plant is a common ornamental in temperate climates.
+
The roots in particular have numerous medicinal uses in Indo-China; they are also used in Chinese medicine. Young shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The red fruits can be used to colour wine and foods, but the toxic substances must be removed. ''P. americana'' is a common ornamental in temperate climates.
  
 
== Observations ==
 
== Observations ==
  
−
*Perennial herb, up to 4 m tall, with branched stems and tuberous roots.
+
*A perennial branched herb up to 3 m tall, often with purplish stems, roots tuberous.
−
*Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 10-40 cm × 4-12 cm.
+
*Leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, up to 30(-40) cm × 12 cm.
 +
*Flowers in racemes generally longer than leaves, bisexual, stamens about 10, in 1 whorl, carpels about 10, united in fruit.
 
*Fruit a berry, subglobose, 1.2 cm in diameter, 10-lobed, dark red, in racemose infructescences.
 
*Fruit a berry, subglobose, 1.2 cm in diameter, 10-lobed, dark red, in racemose infructescences.
  
−
The plant is often distributed by birds which eat the fruits.
+
''P. americana'' occurs in Laos up to 2000 m altitude. In Indo-China it is a relic of former cultivation for the dye from the fruits. The plant is often distributed by birds which eat the fruits.
  
 
== Selected sources ==
 
== Selected sources ==
  
−
33, 47, 57, 70.
+
*[80] Audy, P., le Quere, D., Leclerc, D. & Asselin, A., 1990. Electrophoretic forms of lysozyme activity in various plant species. Phytochemistry 29(4): 1143-1159.
 +
*[298] Czapla, T.H. & Lang, B.A., 1990. Effect of plant lectins on the larval development of European corn borer (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83(6): 2480-2485.
 +
*[390] Edwards, M.E., Harris, E.M., Wagner, F.H., Cross, M.C. & Miller, G.S., 1988. Seed germination of American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). American Journal of Botany 75(12): 1794-1802.
 +
*[33]Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam] (various editors), 1960– . Vol. 1–24. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris, France.
 +
*[424] Forni, E., Trifilo, A. & Polesello, A., 1983. Researches on the utilization of the pigment from Phytolacca decandra L. as a food colorant: part 1 - preparation of an extract free from toxic substances. Food Chemistry 10(1): 35-46.
 +
*[425] Forni, E., Trifilo, A. & Polesello, A., 1984. Researches on the utilization of the pigment from Phytolacca decandra L. as a food colorant: part 2 - tests on pigmenting power and stability of phytolaccanin in model solutions. Food Chemistry 13(2): 149-160.
 +
*[436] Fujii, Y., Furukawa, M., Hayakawa, Y., Sugahara, K. & Shibuya, T., 1991. Survey of Japanese medicinal plants for the detection of allelopathic properties. Weed Research (Tokyo) 36(1): 36-42.
 +
*[450] Fukuyama, Y., Hasegawa, T., Toda, M., Kodama, M. & Okazaki, H., 1992. Structures of americanol A and isoamericanol A having neurotrophic properties from the seeds of Phytolacca americana. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40(1): 252-254.
 +
*[507] Griess, D., Enjalbert, F. & Rech, J., 1994. Diagnostic d'une intoxication par Phytolacca decandra L. chez le cheval *[Diagnosis of poisoning by Phytolacca decandra in horses]. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 145(2): 133-139.
 +
*[538] Hamilton, R.J., Shih, R.D. & Hoffman, R.S., 1995. Mobitz type I heart block after pokeweed ingestion. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 37(1): 66-67.
 +
*[590] Hiraoka, N. & Kodama, T., 1984. Effects of non-frozen cold storage on the growth, organogenesis and secondary metabolism of callus cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 3(4): 349-357.
 +
*[47]Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (Editors), 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 4 volumes. Macmillan Press, London, United Kingdom.
 +
*[703] Kang, S.S. & Woo, W.S., 1991. Phytolaccoside I, a new saponin from Phytolacca americana. Fitoterapia 62(6): 532-533.
 +
*[755] Kobayashi, A., Hagihara, K., Kajiyama, S., Kanzaki, H. & Kawazu, K., 1995. Antifungal compounds induced in the dual culture with Phytolacca americana callus and Botrytis fabae. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Section C, Biosciences 50(5-6): 398-402.
 +
*[797] Kung, S., Kimura, M. & Funatsu, G., 1990. The complete amino acid sequence of antiviral protein from the seeds of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54(12): 3301-3318.
 +
*[816] Larsen, K., 1989. Caryophyllales. In: Lescot, M. (Editor): Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam [Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam]. Vol. 24. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 144 pp.
 +
*[900] Mansfeld, R., 1986. Verzeichnis landwirtschaflicher und gaertnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen) [Register of agricultural and horticultural plants (withouth ornamentals)]. 2nd Edition, revised by J. Schultze-Motel. 4 volumes. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 1998 pp.
 +
*[1035] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.
 +
*[1057] Nowicke, J.W., 1969. Palynotaxonomic study of the Phytolaccaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 55(3): 294-364.
 +
*[70]Petelot, A., 1952–1954. Les plantes médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [Medicinal plants of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam}. 4 volumes. Archives des Recherches Agronomiques et Pastorales au Vietnam No 14, 18, 22, 23. Vietnam.
 +
*[1298] Schliemann, W., Joy, R.W., Komanine, A., Metzger, J.W., Nimtz, M., Wray, V. & Strack, D., 1996. Betacyanins from plants and cell cultures of Phytolacca americana. Phytochemistry 42(4): 1039-1046.
 +
*[1356] Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors), 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 8. Vegetables. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 412 pp.
 +
*[1660] Zhu, X. & Hu, Z., 1989. Preparation of the antiviral protein from pokeweed seeds and assay of its toxicity. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11(4): 440-448.
 +
 
 +
== Main genus page ==
 +
*[[Phytolacca (PROSEA)|''Phytolacca'']] (Medicinal plants)
 +
 
 +
== Authors ==
 +
 
 +
*Razali Yusuf
  
  
 +
[[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]]
 
[[Category:Vegetables (PROSEA)]]
 
[[Category:Vegetables (PROSEA)]]
 
[[Category:PROSEA]]
 
[[Category:PROSEA]]

Latest revision as of 21:57, 7 September 2022

Logo PROSEA.png
Plant Resources of South-East Asia
Introduction
List of species


Phytolacca americana L.

Protologue: Sp. pl. 1: 441 (1753).
Family: Phytolaccaceae

Synonyms

  • Phytolacca decandra L. (1763).

Vernacular names

  • Pokeweed (En)
  • Raisin d'Amérique, morelle à grappe (Fr)
  • Laos: kub nyuj (Hmong)
  • Vietnam: thương lục.

Distribution

Originating from North America, now cultivated worldwide and sometimes naturalized. In South-East Asia particularly in Indo-China.

Uses

The roots in particular have numerous medicinal uses in Indo-China; they are also used in Chinese medicine. Young shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The red fruits can be used to colour wine and foods, but the toxic substances must be removed. P. americana is a common ornamental in temperate climates.

Observations

  • A perennial branched herb up to 3 m tall, often with purplish stems, roots tuberous.
  • Leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, up to 30(-40) cm × 12 cm.
  • Flowers in racemes generally longer than leaves, bisexual, stamens about 10, in 1 whorl, carpels about 10, united in fruit.
  • Fruit a berry, subglobose, 1.2 cm in diameter, 10-lobed, dark red, in racemose infructescences.

P. americana occurs in Laos up to 2000 m altitude. In Indo-China it is a relic of former cultivation for the dye from the fruits. The plant is often distributed by birds which eat the fruits.

Selected sources

  • [80] Audy, P., le Quere, D., Leclerc, D. & Asselin, A., 1990. Electrophoretic forms of lysozyme activity in various plant species. Phytochemistry 29(4): 1143-1159.
  • [298] Czapla, T.H. & Lang, B.A., 1990. Effect of plant lectins on the larval development of European corn borer (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83(6): 2480-2485.
  • [390] Edwards, M.E., Harris, E.M., Wagner, F.H., Cross, M.C. & Miller, G.S., 1988. Seed germination of American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). American Journal of Botany 75(12): 1794-1802.
  • [33]Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam] (various editors), 1960– . Vol. 1–24. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris, France.
  • [424] Forni, E., Trifilo, A. & Polesello, A., 1983. Researches on the utilization of the pigment from Phytolacca decandra L. as a food colorant: part 1 - preparation of an extract free from toxic substances. Food Chemistry 10(1): 35-46.
  • [425] Forni, E., Trifilo, A. & Polesello, A., 1984. Researches on the utilization of the pigment from Phytolacca decandra L. as a food colorant: part 2 - tests on pigmenting power and stability of phytolaccanin in model solutions. Food Chemistry 13(2): 149-160.
  • [436] Fujii, Y., Furukawa, M., Hayakawa, Y., Sugahara, K. & Shibuya, T., 1991. Survey of Japanese medicinal plants for the detection of allelopathic properties. Weed Research (Tokyo) 36(1): 36-42.
  • [450] Fukuyama, Y., Hasegawa, T., Toda, M., Kodama, M. & Okazaki, H., 1992. Structures of americanol A and isoamericanol A having neurotrophic properties from the seeds of Phytolacca americana. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40(1): 252-254.
  • [507] Griess, D., Enjalbert, F. & Rech, J., 1994. Diagnostic d'une intoxication par Phytolacca decandra L. chez le cheval *[Diagnosis of poisoning by Phytolacca decandra in horses]. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 145(2): 133-139.
  • [538] Hamilton, R.J., Shih, R.D. & Hoffman, R.S., 1995. Mobitz type I heart block after pokeweed ingestion. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 37(1): 66-67.
  • [590] Hiraoka, N. & Kodama, T., 1984. Effects of non-frozen cold storage on the growth, organogenesis and secondary metabolism of callus cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 3(4): 349-357.
  • [47]Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (Editors), 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 4 volumes. Macmillan Press, London, United Kingdom.
  • [703] Kang, S.S. & Woo, W.S., 1991. Phytolaccoside I, a new saponin from Phytolacca americana. Fitoterapia 62(6): 532-533.
  • [755] Kobayashi, A., Hagihara, K., Kajiyama, S., Kanzaki, H. & Kawazu, K., 1995. Antifungal compounds induced in the dual culture with Phytolacca americana callus and Botrytis fabae. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Section C, Biosciences 50(5-6): 398-402.
  • [797] Kung, S., Kimura, M. & Funatsu, G., 1990. The complete amino acid sequence of antiviral protein from the seeds of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54(12): 3301-3318.
  • [816] Larsen, K., 1989. Caryophyllales. In: Lescot, M. (Editor): Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam [Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam]. Vol. 24. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 144 pp.
  • [900] Mansfeld, R., 1986. Verzeichnis landwirtschaflicher und gaertnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen) [Register of agricultural and horticultural plants (withouth ornamentals)]. 2nd Edition, revised by J. Schultze-Motel. 4 volumes. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 1998 pp.
  • [1035] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.
  • [1057] Nowicke, J.W., 1969. Palynotaxonomic study of the Phytolaccaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 55(3): 294-364.
  • [70]Petelot, A., 1952–1954. Les plantes médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [Medicinal plants of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam}. 4 volumes. Archives des Recherches Agronomiques et Pastorales au Vietnam No 14, 18, 22, 23. Vietnam.
  • [1298] Schliemann, W., Joy, R.W., Komanine, A., Metzger, J.W., Nimtz, M., Wray, V. & Strack, D., 1996. Betacyanins from plants and cell cultures of Phytolacca americana. Phytochemistry 42(4): 1039-1046.
  • [1356] Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors), 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 8. Vegetables. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 412 pp.
  • [1660] Zhu, X. & Hu, Z., 1989. Preparation of the antiviral protein from pokeweed seeds and assay of its toxicity. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11(4): 440-448.

Main genus page

Authors

  • Razali Yusuf
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