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<big>''[[Flemingia macrophylla]]'' (Willd.) Merrill</big>
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:Protologue: Philipp. Journ. Sci., Bot. 5: 130 (1910).
== Synonyms ==
*''Flemingia congesta '' Roxb. ex Ait.f. (1812),*''Flemingia latifolia '' Benth. (1852),*''Moghania macrophylla '' (Willd.) O. Kuntze (1891).
== Vernacular names ==
== Uses ==
''F. macrophylla'' is grown in hedges and provides mulch for associated food crops grown in alley-cropping systems, and fuelwood as a valuable by-product. As a green manure it is less effective. It is grown on terraces to control soil erosion. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, West Africa and Madagascar the plant is used as a cover crop and as a shade crop in young plantations of cocoa, coffee, banana and rubber, while in Ivory Coast, it is used in pineapple plantations to reduce nematode infestation and as green manure and mulch. In Costa Rica, it is grown as an understorey in plantations of Honduras pine (''Pinus caribaea'' Morelet var. ''hondurensis'' Barrett & Golfari). ''F. macrophylla'' is grown as a forage crop and is especially important as a dry season forage e.g. in the savanna zone of Nigeria. It is one of the sources of the Arab dye called "waras"" or "warrus"". "Waras"" is a coarse purple or orange-brown powder, consisting of the glandular hairs rubbed from dry ''Flemingia'' fruits, capable of dying silk but not wool or cotton; the active compound is called flemingin. ''F. macrophylla'' is a minor host of the Indian and Chinese lac insects. In Indonesia and Malaysia the leaves are used medicinally.
In Peninsular Malaysia, the entire plant is given to relieve stomach-ache. In India, the roots are applied externally to ulcers and swellings. In China, a decoction is used to bathe swellings and sores. In Taiwan, it is used as an antipyretic in post-partum fevers and to treat paralysis and painful joints.
== Properties ==
*Seed globular, 2-3 mm in diameter, shiny black.
''F. macrophylla '' forms root nodules and fixes atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with ''Bradyrhizobium'' strains. Root nodules are often difficult to locate, partly because they are very small.
== Ecology ==
The interaction between ''F. macrophylla'' hedgerows and associated crops is not fully understood. In an alley cropping experiment in Nigeria, ''F. macrophylla'' hedgerows significantly increased the yield of the associated maize crop. This can be attributed only partly to the the effect of mulching or added nutrients: removing the prunings or leaving them on the soil surface caused only small and inconsistent differences in maize yield. However, the combined effect of mulching and added nitrogen fertilizer was very pronounced and stronger than with hedgerows of ''Senna siamea'' (Lamk) Irwin & Barneby or ''Gliricidia sepium'' (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. Mulching at a rate of 3 t/ha effectively controls the germination of weed seeds for about 3 months.
Under tropical, humid, lowland conditions in the Ivory Coast, with 10 000 plants/ha and 9 regrowth cycles of 3 months each, an average annual production of 12 t/ha of leaf dry matter has been achieved, although typical yields in South-East Asia may be closer to 8 t/ha. Plants can be cut more frequently than every 3 months, but preferably not at intervals of less than 40 days. They will survive under this cutting regime for many years.
Insect pests such as the fly ''Agromyza'' sp. reduce seed production by laying eggs in green pods. In Malaysia, spraying with Endrex (1:800) once every two weeks after flowering has begun gives effective control.
== Literature ==
*Asare, E.O., 1985. Effect of frequency and height of defoliation on forage yield and crude protein content of Flemingia macrophylla (flemingia). In: Proceedings of the XV International Grasslands Congress, August 24--31, 1985, Kyoto, Japan. Science Council of Japan and Japanese Society of Grassland Science, Nishihasuno, Japan. pp. 164--165.*[74] Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, R.C., 1964—1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Vol. 1 (1964) 647 pp., Vol. 2 (1965) 641 pp., Vol. 3 (1968) 761 pp.*Bourgoing, R., 1990. Choice of cover crop and planting method for hybrid coconut growing on smallholdings. Oléagineux 45: 27--28.*Budelman, A., 1988. Leaf dry matter productivity of three selected perennial leguminous species in humid tropical Ivory Coast. Agroforestry Systems 7: 47--62.
*Budelman, A., 1991. Woody species in auxiliary roles: live stakes in yam cultivation. Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 151 pp.
* Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240, Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.*[215] Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948—1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.*Gutteridge, R.C., 1994. Other species of multipurpose forage. In: Gutteridge, R.C. & Shelton, H.M. (Editors): Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 97--118.*[511] Kasahara, S. & Hemmi, S. (Editors), 1995. Medicinal herb index in Indonesia. 2nd Edition. P.T. Eisai Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 453 pp.*Kachaka, S., Vanlauwe, B. & Merckx, R., 1993. Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization of prunings of different quality. In: Mulongoy, K. & Merckx, R. (Editors): Soil organic matter dynamics and sustainability of tropical agriculture. Proceedings of an International Symposium held in Leuven, Belgium, 4--6 November 1991. John Willey, Chichester, United Kingdom. pp. 199--208.*[662] Matthew, K.M., 1981—1988. The flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic. 4 volumes. The Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli, India.*[667] Mehra, K.L., Wulijarni-Soetjipto, N. & Supardiyono, E.K., 1985. Indonesian economic resources: legume and other forage plants. Seri Sumber Daya Alam 124. Lembaga Biologi Nasional - LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia. 51 pp.*[827] Rao, C.P., Vermuri, V.S.S. & Jagannadha Rao, K.V., 1982. Chemical examination of roots of Flemingia stricta (Leguminosae). Indian Journal of Chemistry 21B: 167—169.*Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, 1975. Species and varieties of Flemingia in Malaya. Planters Bulletin 61: 78--85.*Schultze-Kraft, R., 1985. Development of an international collection of tropical germplasm for acid soils. In: Proceedings of the XV International Grasslands Congress, August 24--31, Kyoto, Japan. Science Council of Japan and Japanese Society of Grassland Science, Nishihasuno, Japan. pp. 1--3.*Schultze-Kraft, R., 1985. Development of an international collection of tropical germplasm for acid soils. In: Proceedings of the XV International Grasslands Congress, August 24-31, Kyoto, Japan. Science Council of Japan and Japanese Society of Grassland Science, Nishihasuno, Japan. pp. 1-3.*Skerman, P.J., Cameron, D.O. & Riveros, F., 1988. Tropical forage legumes. 2nd Edition. FAO Plant Production and Plant Protection Series No 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. pp. 561--562. 74, 215, 511, 662, 667, 827 (Medicinal plants)
== Authors ==
*L.J.G. van der Maesen (Medicinal plants)*A. Budelman & M.E. Siregar (Auxiliary plants, Forages)
[[Category:Auxiliary plants (PROSEA)]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]]
[[Category:Forages (PROSEA)]]
[[Category:PROSEA]]