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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Taraxacum officinale'' (PROSEA)}}
[[File:Taraxacum officinale MC.tif|thumb|1, plant habit; 2, inner involucral bract; 3, flower; 4, fruit; 5, upper part of achene (Achmad Satiri Nurhaman)]]
<big>''[[Taraxacum officinale]]'' Weber</big>
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The 70% ethanol extract of dried dandelion aerial parts at concentrations of 2, 10 and 50% showed acaricide activity against ''Tetranychus urticae'', with percentages of inhibition being respectively 57, 90 and 100%. Both ether and methanol extracts of fresh aerial parts used at undiluted concentrations in the disk method showed antifungal activity against ''Aspergillus flavus''. Furthermore, the tincture (10%) of dried leaves at a concentration of 0.1 ml/disk showed antibacterial activity against ''Bacillus subtilis''.
Lettucenin A is a sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin produced by a number of ''Compositae'' including ''T. officinale'' to protect themselves against microorganisms. In a liquid cell culture 16.4 ŒºuŒ≥µg/g fresh weight inhibits the growth of the fungus ''Cladosporium herbarum''; the lettucenin A production peaked only 2-6 hours after infection.
An analysis of leaves and flowers from Pakistan gave per 100 g edible portion: water 88.8 g, protein 3.6 g, ether extracts 1.6 g, total carbohydrates 3.7 g, fibre 0.4 g, and ash 2.3 g, phosphorus 59 mg, calcium 474 mg, iron 3.3 mg and vitamin C 73 mg. In vitro dry-matter digestibility is about 80%. The latex from dandelion may cause skin irritation. The sugar content of the nectar is around 50%. The sugars are mainly glucose and fructose, and a smaller proportion of sucrose. The pollen contains about 15% of protein.
== In vitro production of active compounds ==
Undifferentiated cultured cells of dandelion produce oleanolic and ursolic acids as major triterpenoids, in addition to triterpenols composed mainly of Œ±lfa@α- and Œ≤eta@β-amyrins. Regenerated and wild plants contain additional triterpenols (taraxasterol and lupeol), but negligible quantities of triterpene acids. Squalene synthase activity has been detected in the microsomal fractions of suspension-cultured cells of ''T. officinale'', which produce cycloartane (involved in phytosterol biosynthesis) and other triterpenoids e.g. oleanane and ursane.
== Husbandry ==
== Other selected sources ==
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Again on the sections in Taraxacum (Cichoriaceae) (Studies in Taraxacum 6). Taxon 36: 608-617.*[762] Komine, H., Takahashi, T. & Ayabe, S.I., 1996. Properties and partial purification of squalene synthase from cultured cells of dandelion. Phytochemistry 42(2): 405-409.*[844] Leslie, G.B., 1978. A pharmacometric evaluation of nine bio-strath herbal remedies. Medita 810: 3-19.*[845] Letchamo, W. & Gosselin, A., 1996. Light, temperature and duration of storage govern the germination and emergence of Taraxacum officinale seed. Journal of Horticultural Science 71(3): 373-377.*[852] Li, H.-L., 1978. Compositae. In: Li, H.-L., Liu, T,-S., Huang, T.-C., Koyama, T. & DeVol, C.E. (Editors): Flora of Taiwan. Vol. 4. Epoch Publishing Co., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. pp. 768-965.*[910] Mascolo, N., Autore, G., Capasso, F., Menghini, A. & Fasculo, M.P., 1987. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antiinflammatory activity. Phytotherapy Research 11: 28-31.*[945] Michaud, M.H. et al., 1993. Effect of herbicide and two plant densitites on the yield of medicinal plants grown in Quebec (Canada). In: Palevitch, D., Simon, J.E. & Mathé, A. (Editors): Raw material production, product introduction. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare, WOCMAP. Maastricht, the Netherlands, 19-25 July 1992. Acta Horticulturae 331: 311-318.*[961] Mogie, M., & Richards, A.J., 1983. Satellited chromosomes, systematics and phylogeny in Taraxacum (Asteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 141: 219-229.*[989] Muller, F.M., 1978. Seedlings of the North-West European lowland. Dr W. Junk B.V. Publishers, The Hague, the Netherlands & Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 654 pp.*[1018] Neef, H., Cilli, F., Declerck, P.J. & Laekeman, G., 1996. Platelet anti-aggregating activity of Taraxacum officinale Weber. Phytotherapy Research 10, Supplement 1: s138-s140.*[1019] Neef, H., De Clerq, P. & Laekeman, G., 1993. Hypoglycemic activity of selected European plants. Pharmacology, World & Science 156: H 11.*[1035] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.*[65]Nicholson, B.E., Harrison, S.G., Masefield, G.B. & Wallis, M., 1969. The Oxford book of food plants. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom. 206 pp.*[1066] Ochse, J.J. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C., 1980. Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies. 3rd English edition (translation of 'Indische groenten', 1931). Asher & Co., Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 1061 pp.*[1126] Perry, L.M., 1980. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia. Attributed properties and uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States & London, United Kingdom. 620 pp.*[1178] Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Quezon City, the Philippines. 1262 pp.*[1225] Richards, A.J., 1985. Sectional nomenclature in Taraxacum (Asteraceae). Taxon 34: 633-644.*[1306] Sekulic, D., Jovanovic, Z., Kostic, M. & Sekulovic, D., 1995. Preliminary testing of plant extracts for acaricide activity. Pharmazie 50(12): 835.*[1356] Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors), 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 8. Vegetables. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 412 pp.*[1391] Sonck, 1577C.E., 1987. A new Taraxacum species, T. indonesicum, from Java. Annales Botanici Fennici 24: 307-309. medicinals 7*[1577] Williams, 15C.A., 65Goldstone, 66F. & Greenham, J., 1996. Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins from the different tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum officinale. Phytochemistry 42(1): 121-127. vegetables
== Authors ==