Changes

*''Phytolacca decandra'' L. (1763).

The roots in particular have numerous medicinal uses in Indo-China; they are also used in Chinese medicine. Young shoots, when are cooked, are used and eaten as a vegetable. The red fruits have been can be used to colour wineand foods, but are slightly the toxicsubstances must be removed. All parts, especially the roots, are used medicinally as narcotic, emetic and purgative''P. The plant americana'' is a common ornamental in temperate climates.

*Perennial A perennial branched herb, up to 4 3 m tall, often with branched purplish stems and tuberous , rootstuberous.*Leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, 10up to 30(-40 ) cm × 4-12 cm.*Flowers in racemes generally longer than leaves, bisexual, stamens about 10, in 1 whorl, carpels about 10, united in fruit.

''P. americana'' occurs in Laos up to 2000 m altitude. In Indo-China it is a relic of former cultivation for the dye from the fruits. The plant is often distributed by birds which eat the fruits.

*[80] Audy, P., le Quere, D., Leclerc, D. & Asselin, A., 1990. Electrophoretic forms of lysozyme activity in various plant species. Phytochemistry 29(4): 1143-1159.*[298] Czapla, T.H. & Lang, B.A., 1990. Effect of plant lectins on the larval development of European corn borer (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83(6): 2480-2485.*[390] Edwards, M.E., Harris, E.M., Wagner, F.H., Cross, M.C. & Miller, G.S., 1988. Seed germination of American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). American Journal of Botany 75(12): 1794-1802.*[33]Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam] (various editors), 1960– . Vol. 1–24. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris, France.*[424] Forni, E., Trifilo, A. & Polesello, A., 1983. Researches on the utilization of the pigment from Phytolacca decandra L. as a food colorant: part 1 - preparation of an extract free from toxic substances. Food Chemistry 10(1): 35-46.*[425] Forni, E., Trifilo, A. & Polesello, A., 1984. Researches on the utilization of the pigment from Phytolacca decandra L. as a food colorant: part 2 - tests on pigmenting power and stability of phytolaccanin in model solutions. Food Chemistry 13(2): 149-160.*[436] Fujii, Y., Furukawa, M., Hayakawa, Y., Sugahara, K. & Shibuya, T., 1991. Survey of Japanese medicinal plants for the detection of allelopathic properties. Weed Research (Tokyo) 36(1): 36-42.*[450] Fukuyama, Y., Hasegawa, T., Toda, M., Kodama, M. & Okazaki, H., 1992. Structures of americanol A and isoamericanol A having neurotrophic properties from the seeds of Phytolacca americana. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40(1): 252-254.*[507] Griess, D., Enjalbert, F. & Rech, J., 1994. Diagnostic d'une intoxication par Phytolacca decandra L. chez le cheval *[Diagnosis of poisoning by Phytolacca decandra in horses]. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 145(2): 133-139.*[538] Hamilton, R.J., Shih, R.D. & Hoffman, R.S., 1995. Mobitz type I heart block after pokeweed ingestion. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 37(1): 66-67.*[590] Hiraoka, N. & Kodama, T., 1984. Effects of non-frozen cold storage on the growth, organogenesis and secondary metabolism of callus cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 3(4): 349-357.*[47]Huxley, 57A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (Editors), 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 4 volumes. Macmillan Press, London, United Kingdom.*[703] Kang, S.S. & Woo, W.S., 1991. Phytolaccoside I, a new saponin from Phytolacca americana. Fitoterapia 62(6): 532-533.*[755] Kobayashi, A., Hagihara, K., Kajiyama, S., Kanzaki, H. & Kawazu, K., 1995. Antifungal compounds induced in the dual culture with Phytolacca americana callus and Botrytis fabae. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Section C, Biosciences 50(5-6): 398-402.*[797] Kung, S., Kimura, M. & Funatsu, G., 1990. The complete amino acid sequence of antiviral protein from the seeds of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54(12): 3301-3318.*[816] Larsen, K., 1989. Caryophyllales. In: Lescot, M. (Editor): Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam [Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam]. Vol. 24. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 144 pp.*[900] Mansfeld, R., 1986. Verzeichnis landwirtschaflicher und gaertnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen) [Register of agricultural and horticultural plants (withouth ornamentals)]. 2nd Edition, revised by J. Schultze-Motel. 4 volumes. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 1998 pp.*[1035] Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.*[1057] Nowicke, J.W., 1969. Palynotaxonomic study of the Phytolaccaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 55(3): 294-364.*[70]Petelot, A., 1952–1954. Les plantes médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [Medicinal plants of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam}. 4 volumes. Archives des Recherches Agronomiques et Pastorales au Vietnam No 14, 18, 22, 23. Vietnam.*[1298] Schliemann, W., Joy, R.W., Komanine, A., Metzger, J.W., Nimtz, M., Wray, V. & Strack, D., 1996. Betacyanins from plants and cell cultures of Phytolacca americana. Phytochemistry 42(4): 1039-1046.*[1356] Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors), 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 8. Vegetables. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 412 pp.*[1660] Zhu, X. & Hu, Z., 1989. Preparation of the antiviral protein from pokeweed seeds and assay of its toxicity. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11(4): 440-448. == Main genus page ==*[[Phytolacca (PROSEA)|''Phytolacca'']] (Medicinal plants) == Authors == *Razali Yusuf