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<big>''[[Combretum schumannii]]'' Engl.</big>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Combretum schumannii'' (PROTA)}}
[[File:Map Combretum schumannii.gif|thumb|distribution in Africa (wild)]][[File:Linedrawing Combretum schumannii.gif|thumb|1, tree habit; 2, leafy twig; 3, flower in longitudinal section; 4, fruit. Redrawn and adapted by Achmad Satiri Nurhaman]][[File:Combretum schumannii xs A. Campbell - P.E. Gasson.jpg|thumb|wood in transverse section]][[File:Combretum schumannii tls A. Campbell - P.E. Gasson.jpg|thumb|wood in tangential section]][[File:Combretum schumannii rls A. Campbell - P.E. Gasson.jpg|thumb|wood in radial section]]
:Protologue: Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C: 289 (1895).
:Family: Combretaceae
:Chromosome number: 2''n'' = 26
== Synonyms ==
*''Combretum engleri'' Schinz (1901).
== Vernacular names ==
*Forest tree combretum, sand bushwillow (En). *Mgurure, mpera-mwitu, mgongolo (Sw).
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
== Description ==
*Deciduous shrub or small to medium-sized tree up to 20(–30) m tall; bole often crooked or fluted, up to 60(–80) cm in diameter; bark surface pale yellowish brown to brown, scaling off in large, elongate flakes, inner bark pinkish with paler streaks, exuding a thick whitish sap; crown open; twigs slender, nearly glabrous. *Leaves opposite, simple and entire; stipules absent; petiole up to 1 cm long, slender; blade elliptical to oblong-elliptical, ovate or obovate, (2–)6–12(–15) cm × (1–)2–4.5(–7.5) cm, cuneate to rounded at base, rounded to obtuse or short-acuminate at apex, papery, slightly warty and scaly, pinnately veined with 3–8 pairs of lateral veins. *Inflorescence a short axillary spike up to 1.5 cm long, sticky. *Flowers bisexual, regular, 4-merous, pale yellow, scented, sessile; receptacle consisting of 2 parts, lower part 1–1.5 mm long, upper part 1.5–2.5 mm long, with 4 pouch-like swellings; sepals shallowly triangular, indistinct; petals free, nearly orbicular, 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous; stamens 8, free, c. 5 mm long; ovary inferior, 1-celled, style c. 5 mm long. *Fruit a 4-winged nut, ovoid to nearly orbicular in outline, 3–4 cm long, with 1–2 cm long stipe and c. 1 cm broad wings, green turning pale brown, indehiscent, 1-seeded. *Seedling with epigeal germination, with sessile kidney-shaped cotyledons.
== Other botanical information ==
''Combretum'' is a very large genus, comprising about 250 species and distributed worldwide in the tropics and subtropics. About 140 species occur in tropical Africa. In several African floras, ''Combretum engleri'' Schinz from the western part of southern Africa has been included in the synonymy of ''Combretum schumannii'', although the former is only a shrub up to 4 m tall with smaller leaves and fruits. More research is needed to elucidate the status of ''Combretum engleri''; it might be a separate taxon (either on specific or infraspecific level), or the differences might be due to climatic conditions.
=== ''Combretum kraussii'' ===''[[Combretum kraussii]]'' Hochst. occurs in eastern South Africa and Swaziland, but a few specimens have been collected in southern Mozambique. It is a shrub or small tree up to 12 m tall. Its yellow wood with usually straight grain and fine texture is suitable for flooring, joinery, mine props, ship building, vehicle bodies, furniture, cabinet work, handles, ladders, sporting goods, toys, novelties, agricultural implements and turnery; it is also used as firewood. At 12% moisture content, the density of the wood is about 770 kg/m³, modulus of rupture 110 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 13,230 N/mm² and compression parallel to grain 63 N/mm². Although the wood is hard and tough, it is moderately easy to work; it polishes well. It is only moderately durable, and resistant to impregnation by preservatives. The roots of ''Combretum kraussii'' are used in traditional medicine to treat wounds, and as an anodyne, tonic and appetite stimulant. The pliable young stems are used in basket making.
== Anatomy ==
*Growth rings: 2: growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. *Vessels: 5: wood diffuse-porous; (7: vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern); 9: vessels exclusively solitary (90% or more); 13: simple perforation plates; 22: intervessel pits alternate; 23: shape of alternate pits polygonal; 26: intervessel pits medium (7–10 μm); 29: vestured pits; 30: vessel-ray pits with distinct borders; similar to intervessel pits in size and shape throughout the ray cell; 41: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 50–100 μm; (45: vessels of two distinct diameter classes, wood not ring-porous); 47: 5–20 vessels per square millimetre; 58: gums and other deposits in heartwood vessels. *Tracheids and fibres: 60: vascular/vasicentric tracheids present; 61: fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits; 66: non-septate fibres present; 70: fibres very thick-walled. *Axial parenchyma: 83: axial parenchyma confluent; 92: four (3–4) cells per parenchyma strand. *Rays: 97: ray width 1–3 cells; (104: all ray cells procumbent); (109: rays with procumbent, square and upright cells mixed throughout the ray); 115: 4–12 rays per mm; 116: <font size="1">≥</font> 12 rays per mm. *Mineral inclusions: 156: crystals in enlarged cells.
{{right|(P. Détienne & P. Baas)}}
== Growth and development ==
== Author(s) ==
* D. Dongock Nguemo , Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Ngaoundéré, B.P. 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
== Correct citation of this article ==
Dongock Nguemo, D., 2009. '''Combretum schumannii''' Engl. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>.
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[[Category:PROTA prov]][[Category:Timbers (PROTA)]]