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<big>''[[Cleistopholis patens]]'' (Benth.) Engl. & Diels</big>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cleistopholis patens'' (PROTA)}}
[[File:Map Cleistopholis patens.gif|thumb|distribution in Africa (wild)]][[File:Linedrawing Cleistopholis patens.gif|thumb|1, flowering branch; 2, flower; 3, fruit. Source: Flore analytique du Bénin]][[File:Cleistopholis patens Carel IMG_3118.jpg|thumb|slash]][[File:Cleistopholis patens, P1020352.jpg|thumb|bole]][[File:Cleistopholis patens, Jo1080650.jpg|thumb|slash]][[File:Cleistopholis patens Carel IMG_3114.jpg|thumb|bole]][[File:Cleistopholis patens WA plants 2 S.Porembski.jpg|thumb|crown (West African Plants)]][[File:Cleistopholis patens WA plants 3 M.Schmidt.jpg|thumb|crown (West African Plants)]][[File:Cleistopholis patens compo WD Hawthorne.jpg|thumb|various parts of the tree (Virtual Field Herbarium)]][[File:Cleistopholis patens xs J. Ilic.jpg|thumb|wood in transverse section]][[File:Cleistopholis patens tls J. Ilic.jpg|thumb|wood in tangential section]][[File:Cleistopholis patens rls J. Ilic.jpg|thumb|wood in radial section]]
:Protologue: Engl., Monogr. afrik. Pflanzen-Fam. 6: 35 (1901).
:Chromosome number: 2''n'' = 14
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
Administration of methanol extracts of the bark to female rats showed a dose-dependent increase in the levels of several hormones including progesterone and oestrogen. Several partially acetylated oligorhamnosides have been isolated from the leaves; some of these showed significant antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''. Fruit extracts exhibited in-vitro antileishmanial activity. Powdered bark showed protection against Indian meal moth (''Plodia interpunctella''), which is a pest in stored food products.
== Botany Description ==
*Small to medium-sized tree up to 20(–30) m tall; bole branchless for up to 10(–20) m, usually straight, cylindrical and slender, up to 80(–90) cm in diameter, sometimes slightly fluted at base; bark surface smooth, shallowly fissured, greyish white to grey, inner bark strongly fibrous, peelable in long strips, white to pale orange-brown, scented; crown with horizontal branches drooping at tips; twigs often with small ridges, glabrous. *Leaves alternate, simple and entire; stipules absent; petiole up to 1 cm long; blade usually narrowly oblong-elliptical, (2.5–)10–25(–30) cm × (1.5–)3–6 cm, cuneate to rounded and slightly asymmetrical at base, short-acuminate at apex, papery to thin-leathery, glabrous, shiny, pinnately veined with 8–24 pairs of lateral veins. *Inflorescence a small axillary fascicle, up to 8-flowered, nearly glabrous. *Flowers bisexual, regular, 3-merous, greenish yellow; pedicel 1–2.5 cm long; sepals free, broadly ovate, c. 2 mm long; petals free, in 2 whorls, outer ones obovate to obovate-oblong, 0.5–1 cm long, inner ones shorter, short-hairy at margins; stamens numerous, c. 1 mm long; carpels c. 10, ovaries c. 1 mm long, styles minute. *Fruit consisting of up to 9 nearly globose follicles 1.5–2 cm in diameter, with stipe c. 7 mm long and slightly constricted between the seeds, warty when dry, glabrous, indehiscent, 1–2-seeded. *Seeds globose to ellipsoid, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, strongly warty. *Seedling with epigeal germination; hypocotyl 8–12 cm long, epicotyl c. 1.5 cm long, glabrous; cotyledons leafy, elliptical, c. 6 cm × 4 cm; first leaves alternate. == Other botanical information ==
''Cleistopholis patens'' is a pioneer which grows rapidly. In Sierra Leone 7-year-old trees reached 13 m tall and over 20 cm in bole diameter, and in Ghana the same height and diameter have been reached on 4-year-old logging tracks. In Guinea trees have been reported to start fruiting already 5 years after planting. In Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana ripe fruits occur in August–November. In Uganda rotten material of dead ''Cleistopholis patens'' trees is an important food for chimpanzees; they chew it, extracting the juice.
''Cleistopholis'' comprises 3 species, all in tropical Africa, and seems related to ''Cananga'' and ''Lettowianthus''.
=== ''Cleistopholis glauca'' ===''[[Cleistopholis glauca]]'' Pierre ex Engl. & Diels is a small to medium-sized tree up to 35 m tall with bole up to 80 cm in diameter, occurring from Cameroon east to the Central African Republic, and south to DR Congo and Cabinda (Angola). The lightweight wood, with a density of 300–400 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content, is used for similar purposes as that of ''Cleistopholis patens''. The fibrous bark is used for cordage and hut walls. Bark decoctions or macerations are taken to treat bronchial complaints, tuberculosis, stomach-ache, diarrhoea and scabies, and as emetic and vermifuge. Root sap is used in mixtures to prepare dart poison. ''Cleistopholis staudtii'' Engl. & Diels is a small tree up to 15(–25) m tall with bole up to 30 cm in diameter, occurring from southern Nigeria to Gabon. Its wood is probably used for similar purposes as that of ''Cleistopholis patens''. The fibrous bark is used for cordage and hut walls. ''Lettowianthus stellatus'' Diels differs from ''Cleistopholis'' spp. in its larger flowers and nearly smooth seeds. It is a small tree up to 15 m tall restricted to Tanzania, where it occurs in lowland riverine and disturbed forests. Its lightweight wood is occasionally used for building poles, spoons and tool handles. Several geranylbenzoquinonoids have been isolated from the fruits; lettowienolide and lettowiquinone exhibited mild in-vitro activity against ''Plasmodium falciparum''. == Description == == Other botanical information ==
=== ''Cleistopholis staudtii'' ===
''[[Cleistopholis staudtii]]'' Engl. & Diels is a small tree up to 15(–25) m tall with bole up to 30 cm in diameter, occurring from southern Nigeria to Gabon. Its wood is probably used for similar purposes as that of ''Cleistopholis patens''. The fibrous bark is used for cordage and hut walls.
=== ''Lettowianthus stellatus'' ===
''[[Lettowianthus stellatus]]'' Diels differs from ''Cleistopholis'' spp. in its larger flowers and nearly smooth seeds. It is a small tree up to 15 m tall restricted to Tanzania, where it occurs in lowland riverine and disturbed forests. Its lightweight wood is occasionally used for building poles, spoons and tool handles. Several geranylbenzoquinonoids have been isolated from the fruits; lettowienolide and lettowiquinone exhibited mild in-vitro activity against ''Plasmodium falciparum''.
== Ecology ==
* Atuhe, G., 2010. The ecological status of Cleistopholis patens in Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. A summary of the major findings. [Internet] Budongo Conservation Field Station. http://culture.st-and.ac.uk/bcfs/documents/reports/Ecological%20status%20of%20CP%20in%20BFR.pdf. September 2011.
== Other references ==
* Akendengué, B., Champy, P., Nzamba, J., Roblot, F., Loiseau, P.M. & Bories, C., 2009. Antifungal and anthelmintic activities of Cleistopholis patens (Annonaceae). Planta Medica 75(10): 1143–1145.
== Sources of illustration ==
== Author(s) ==
* R.H.M.J. Lemmens , PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
== Correct citation of this article ==
Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 2012. '''Cleistopholis patens''' (Benth.) Engl. & Diels. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>.
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[[Category:PROTA prov]][[Category:Timbers (PROTA)]]