Difference between revisions of "Moringa oleifera"

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|status = cultivated
 
|status = cultivated
 
}}
 
}}
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 +
== Description ==
 +
<gallery mode="packed">
 +
File:Moringa - മുരിങ്ങയില.JPG|leaves
 +
File:Moringa flower 5.jpg|flowers
 +
File:Fruits of Moringa oleifera.jpg|green fruits ([http://www.cropsforthefuture.org/ Crops for the Future])
 +
File:Starr 080609-7915 Moringa oleifera.jpg|dry fruits
 +
File:Starr 070207-4294 Moringa oleifera.jpg|seeds with their broad wing
 +
</gallery>
  
 
== Popular names ==
 
== Popular names ==
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
 
*English: horseradish tree, drumstick tree, behen tree
 
*English: horseradish tree, drumstick tree, behen tree
−
*French: mouroungue, ben ailé, raifort en arbre, néverdié
+
*French: mouroungue (Mascarene islands); néverdié (western Africa); ben ailé, raifort en arbre
 
*Spanish: moringa, ben, paraíso
 
*Spanish: moringa, ben, paraíso
 
*Portuguese: moringa, moringueiro
 
*Portuguese: moringa, moringueiro
 
*Italian: moringa
 
*Italian: moringa
  
−
*Hindi: saṁjhnā (saonjana)
+
*Hindi: saṁjhnā (saonjana); mungna, sainjna, shajna (Wealth of India)
−
*Malayalam: moringa, murinna
+
*Bengali: sajina (Wealth of India)
−
*Tamil: murungai
+
*Marathi: achajhada, shevgi (Wealth of India)
 +
*Gujerati: midhosaragavo, saragavo (Wealth of India)
 +
*Telugu: mulaga, munaga (Wealth of India)
 +
*Malayalam: moringa, murinna, sigru (Wealth of India)
 +
*Tamil: murungai (Wealth of India)
 +
*Kannada: nugge (Wealth of India)
 
*Konkani: maxing
 
*Konkani: maxing
 +
*Assam: saijna, sohjna (Wealth of India)
 +
*Orissa: sajina (Wealth of India)
 +
*Punjab: sainjna, soanjna (Wealth of India)
 +
*Santal: munga arak (Wealth of India)
  
−
== Biology ==
+
*Swahili: mzunze, mronge, mlonge (PROTA)
−
<gallery widths=150px heights=150px perrow=9 caption="parts of the plant">
+
 
−
File:Moringa - മുരിങ്ങയില.JPG leaves|leaves
+
|}
−
File:Moringa flower 5.jpg|flowers
+
−
File:Fruits of Moringa oleifera.jpg|green fruits ([http://www.cropsforthefuture.org/|Crops for the Future])
+
−
File:Starr 080609-7915 Moringa oleifera.jpg|dry fruits
+
−
File:Starr 070207-4294 Moringa oleifera.jpg|seeds with their broad wing
+
−
</gallery>
+
  
 
== Classification ==
 
== Classification ==
Line 42: Line 56:
  
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
−
[[File:Moringa oleifera Blanco1.125.jpg]thumb|right|Blanco, 1880-1883, Flora de Filipinas]]
+
[[File:Moringa oleifera Blanco1.125.jpg|thumb|right|Blanco, 1880-1883, ''Flora de Filipinas'']]
 +
Originating from north-western India, ''Moringa oleifera'' has been cultivated for long. It bears several Sanscrit names, ''ṡigru, ṡobhānaka'' or ''ṡobhāñjana'', which is the origin of the Hindi name ''saṁjhnā'' (''saonjana''). Europeans often confused it with Egyptian ''ben'', the oil of which was traded in Europe during the Middle-Ages. Portuguese explorers discovered it in Goa, and called it ''moxingo'' (from Konkani ''maxing'') or more often ''moringa'' (from Malayalam ''moringa, murinna''), hence the scientific name. The tree was introduced to the Mascarene islands by Tamil people, hence the name ''mouroungue'', borrowed from Tamil ''murungai''. Nowadays, ''Moringa oleifera'' is largely grown in private gardens in Asia, tropical Africa and even the Carribean.
 +
 
 +
Trees are often odd-looking, as they are constantly pruned for use.
  
 
== Uses ==
 
== Uses ==
−
<gallery widths=150px heights=150px perrow=9 caption="some uses">
+
=== Food ===
−
File:Moringa oleifera flowers ready to be cooked.jpg|Flowers ready to be cooked
+
==== Fruits ====
−
File:Dunt-dalun chin-yei 1760.JPG|Burmese soup
+
<gallery mode="packed">
 +
File:Dunt-dalun chin-yei 1760.JPG|Dunt-dalun chin-yei (Burmese soup)
 +
File:Kaeng som-marum63.JPG|Kaeng Som<br>(Sour Thai Curry with fish)
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
*Called ‘drumsticks’ or ‘bâtons mouroungue’. Young green fruits used as a vegetable in southern Asia.
 +
 +
==== Seeds ====
 +
*Seeds eaten fried, or added to sauces.
 +
*Seed oil used as cooking oil.
 +
 +
==== Leaves ====
 +
*Eaten raw as a salad, or cooked in soups or sauces. In la Réunion, they are called  ‘brède mouroungue’ or ‘brède médaille’.
 +
*Leaf powder promoted in Africa as a protein-rich ingredient.
 +
 +
==== Flowers ====
 +
[[File:Moringa oleifera flowers ready to be cooked.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers ready to be cooked]]
 +
*eaten as a vegetable, in sauces or in a tea.
 +
 +
==== Roots ====
 +
*Grated roots are a substitute of horseradish.
 +
 +
=== Medicine ===
 +
"Almost all parts have traditional medicinal applications. Especially the uses as an anodyne, anthelmintic, antispasmodic and disinfectant (bactericidal, fungicidal) are widespread." (PROTA)
 +
 +
=== Forage ===
 +
*Leaves eaten by livestock.
 +
*Flowers visited by bees.
 +
 +
=== Technical uses ===
 +
*pounded seeds and seed cake used as a flocculant to purify water.
 +
*Seed oil used as a lubricant, for perfumes, to make soap.
 +
*Gum from the bark used for tanning.
 +
*Wood used for fuel.
 +
 +
=== Environment ===
 +
*tree grown as a living fence, an ornamental and in alley-cropping.
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 +
*Bennett, R.N., Mellon, F.A., Foidl, N., Pratt, J.H., Dupont, M.S., Perkins, L. & Kroon, P.A., 2003. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees ''Moringa oleifera'' L. (Horseradish tree) and ''Moringa stenopetala'' L. ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'', '''51'''(12): 3546–3553.
 +
*Burkill, H.M., 1997. ''The useful plants of West Tropical Africa''. 2nd Edition. Volume 4, Families M–R. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 969 p.
 +
*''Wealth of India (The)'', 1962. ''A dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw materials''. Volume 6: L–M. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. pp. 426-429.
 +
*Jahn, S.A.A., 1986. ''Proper use of African natural coagulants for rural water supplies: Research in the Sudan and a guide for new projects''. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. 541 p.
 +
*Jahn, S.A.A., Musnad, H.A. & Burgstaller, H., 1986. The tree that purifies water: cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan. ''Unasylva'' '''152''': 23–28.
 +
*Polprasid, P., 1993. Moringa oleifera Lamk. ''In'': Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors). ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia'' No 8. ''Vegetables''. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 213–215.
 +
*Ramachandran, C., Peter, K.V. & Gopalakrishnan, P.K., 1980. Drumstick (''Moringa oleifera''): a multipurpose Indian vegetable. ''Economic Botany'', '''34''': 276–283.
 +
*Saint-Sauveur, Armelle de, 1993. Le moringa, un arbre à multiples usages pour le Sahel. ''In'': Riedacker, A., Dreyer, E., Pafadnam, C., Joly, H. & Bory, G. (Editors). ''Physiologie des arbres et arbustes en zones arides et semi-arides''. Séminaire Paris-Nancy, 20 mars–6 avril 1990. Libbey, Paris, France. pp. 441–446.
  
 
== Links ==
 
== Links ==
−
*[http://www.echocommunity.org/?tech_notes ECHO Technical notes] for download: [http://www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/E66CDFDB-0A0D-4DDE-8AB1-74D9D8C3EDD4/Moringa_Tree.pdf Moringa tree], [http://www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/E66CDFDB-0A0D-4DDE-8AB1-74D9D8C3EDD4/Moringa_Recipes.pdf Moringa recipes] and [http://www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/E66CDFDB-0A0D-4DDE-8AB1-74D9D8C3EDD4/Moringa_Leaf_Powder_%5Boffice_format%5D.pdf Moringa leaf powder]
+
*[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1169 Agroforestry]
 +
*[http://www.echocommunity.org/?tech_notes ECHO Technical notes] for download as pdf: [http://www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/E66CDFDB-0A0D-4DDE-8AB1-74D9D8C3EDD4/Moringa_Tree.pdf Moringa tree], [http://www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/E66CDFDB-0A0D-4DDE-8AB1-74D9D8C3EDD4/Moringa_Recipes.pdf Moringa recipes] and [http://www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/E66CDFDB-0A0D-4DDE-8AB1-74D9D8C3EDD4/Moringa_Leaf_Powder_%5Boffice_format%5D.pdf Moringa leaf powder]
 +
*[http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=2348 Ecoport]
 +
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200009759 Flora of Pakistan]
 
*[http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/r7750f/r7750f04.htm FAO: L'arbre qui purifie l'eau]
 
*[http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/r7750f/r7750f04.htm FAO: L'arbre qui purifie l'eau]
 
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Moringa%20oleifera GRIN]
 
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Moringa%20oleifera GRIN]
 
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Moringa+oleifera&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
 
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Moringa+oleifera&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
 
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:46:3820749866686245::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Moringa%20oleifera,12543 Mansfeld]
 
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:46:3820749866686245::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Moringa%20oleifera,12543 Mansfeld]
 +
*[http://www.metafro.be/prelude/view_plant?pi=08850 Metafro]
 
*[http://www.moringanews.org/moringa.html MoringaNews]
 
*[http://www.moringanews.org/moringa.html MoringaNews]
 
*[http://www.mobot.org/gradstudents/olson/oleifera.html Mark Olson's page at Mobot]
 
*[http://www.mobot.org/gradstudents/olson/oleifera.html Mark Olson's page at Mobot]
 
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Moringa_oleifera.html Purdue New Crops]
 
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Moringa_oleifera.html Purdue New Crops]
 +
*[[Moringa oleifera (PROSEA)|PROSEA on Pl@ntUse]]
 
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Moringa,oleifera&p=Moringa+oleifera Prota4U]
 
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Moringa,oleifera&p=Moringa+oleifera Prota4U]
 +
*[http://apps.kew.org/sepasalweb/sepaweb SEPASAL] (broken link; will be later corrected).
 +
*[[Morinda-Morus (Sturtevant, 1919)#Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.|Sturtevant's article]]
 
*[http://www.le.ac.uk/engineering/staff/Sutherland/moringa/moringa.htm John Sutherland's page]
 
*[http://www.le.ac.uk/engineering/staff/Sutherland/moringa/moringa.htm John Sutherland's page]
 +
*More photos on [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moringa_oleifera Wikimedia Commons]
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Wikipedia]
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Wikipedia]
−
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moringa_oleifera more photos on Wikimedia Commons]
+
*[http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/M/Moringa_oleifera/ ZipcodeZoo]
  
−
[[Category:Species]]
 
−
 
−
[[Category:Seed plant]]
 
  
 
[[Category:Tropical vegetable, major]]
 
[[Category:Tropical vegetable, major]]
  
 
[[Category:Food oil]]
 
[[Category:Food oil]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Tannin]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Spice, minor]]
  
 
[[Category:Technical plant]]
 
[[Category:Technical plant]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Hedge]]
  
 
[[Category:Ornamental tree]]
 
[[Category:Ornamental tree]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Fuel]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Human medicine, tropical minor]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Gum]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Forage, cultivated]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Bee plant]]

Latest revision as of 00:48, 11 August 2016

Moringa oleifera Lam.

alt=Description of Flowers of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree).jpg picture.
flowers and leaves
Order Brassicales
Family Moringaceae
Genus Moringa

2n = 28

Origin : south of Himalaya

cultivated

English {{{english}}}
French {{{french}}}



Description

Popular names

  • English: horseradish tree, drumstick tree, behen tree
  • French: mouroungue (Mascarene islands); néverdié (western Africa); ben ailé, raifort en arbre
  • Spanish: moringa, ben, paraíso
  • Portuguese: moringa, moringueiro
  • Italian: moringa
  • Hindi: saṁjhnā (saonjana); mungna, sainjna, shajna (Wealth of India)
  • Bengali: sajina (Wealth of India)
  • Marathi: achajhada, shevgi (Wealth of India)
  • Gujerati: midhosaragavo, saragavo (Wealth of India)
  • Telugu: mulaga, munaga (Wealth of India)
  • Malayalam: moringa, murinna, sigru (Wealth of India)
  • Tamil: murungai (Wealth of India)
  • Kannada: nugge (Wealth of India)
  • Konkani: maxing
  • Assam: saijna, sohjna (Wealth of India)
  • Orissa: sajina (Wealth of India)
  • Punjab: sainjna, soanjna (Wealth of India)
  • Santal: munga arak (Wealth of India)
  • Swahili: mzunze, mronge, mlonge (PROTA)

Classification

Moringa oleifera Lam. (1783)

synonyms:

  • Guilandina moringa L. (1753)
  • Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. (1791)

Cultivars

History

Blanco, 1880-1883, Flora de Filipinas

Originating from north-western India, Moringa oleifera has been cultivated for long. It bears several Sanscrit names, ṡigru, ṡobhānaka or ṡobhāñjana, which is the origin of the Hindi name saṁjhnā (saonjana). Europeans often confused it with Egyptian ben, the oil of which was traded in Europe during the Middle-Ages. Portuguese explorers discovered it in Goa, and called it moxingo (from Konkani maxing) or more often moringa (from Malayalam moringa, murinna), hence the scientific name. The tree was introduced to the Mascarene islands by Tamil people, hence the name mouroungue, borrowed from Tamil murungai. Nowadays, Moringa oleifera is largely grown in private gardens in Asia, tropical Africa and even the Carribean.

Trees are often odd-looking, as they are constantly pruned for use.

Uses

Food

Fruits

  • Dunt-dalun chin-yei (Burmese soup)

  • Kaeng Som
    (Sour Thai Curry with fish)

  • Called ‘drumsticks’ or ‘bâtons mouroungue’. Young green fruits used as a vegetable in southern Asia.

Seeds

  • Seeds eaten fried, or added to sauces.
  • Seed oil used as cooking oil.

Leaves

  • Eaten raw as a salad, or cooked in soups or sauces. In la Réunion, they are called ‘brède mouroungue’ or ‘brède médaille’.
  • Leaf powder promoted in Africa as a protein-rich ingredient.

Flowers

Flowers ready to be cooked
  • eaten as a vegetable, in sauces or in a tea.

Roots

  • Grated roots are a substitute of horseradish.

Medicine

"Almost all parts have traditional medicinal applications. Especially the uses as an anodyne, anthelmintic, antispasmodic and disinfectant (bactericidal, fungicidal) are widespread." (PROTA)

Forage

  • Leaves eaten by livestock.
  • Flowers visited by bees.

Technical uses

  • pounded seeds and seed cake used as a flocculant to purify water.
  • Seed oil used as a lubricant, for perfumes, to make soap.
  • Gum from the bark used for tanning.
  • Wood used for fuel.

Environment

  • tree grown as a living fence, an ornamental and in alley-cropping.

References

  • Bennett, R.N., Mellon, F.A., Foidl, N., Pratt, J.H., Dupont, M.S., Perkins, L. & Kroon, P.A., 2003. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L. (Horseradish tree) and Moringa stenopetala L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(12): 3546–3553.
  • Burkill, H.M., 1997. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 4, Families M–R. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 969 p.
  • Wealth of India (The), 1962. A dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw materials. Volume 6: L–M. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. pp. 426-429.
  • Jahn, S.A.A., 1986. Proper use of African natural coagulants for rural water supplies: Research in the Sudan and a guide for new projects. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. 541 p.
  • Jahn, S.A.A., Musnad, H.A. & Burgstaller, H., 1986. The tree that purifies water: cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan. Unasylva 152: 23–28.
  • Polprasid, P., 1993. Moringa oleifera Lamk. In: Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors). Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 8. Vegetables. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 213–215.
  • Ramachandran, C., Peter, K.V. & Gopalakrishnan, P.K., 1980. Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): a multipurpose Indian vegetable. Economic Botany, 34: 276–283.
  • Saint-Sauveur, Armelle de, 1993. Le moringa, un arbre à multiples usages pour le Sahel. In: Riedacker, A., Dreyer, E., Pafadnam, C., Joly, H. & Bory, G. (Editors). Physiologie des arbres et arbustes en zones arides et semi-arides. Séminaire Paris-Nancy, 20 mars–6 avril 1990. Libbey, Paris, France. pp. 441–446.

Links

Retrieved from "https://uses.plantnet-project.org/e/index.php?title=Moringa_oleifera&oldid=310325"