Difference between revisions of "Mangifera laurina (PROSEA)"

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{{PROSEAUpperbar}}
 
{{PROSEAUpperbar}}
 
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Mangifera laurina'' (PROSEA)}}
 
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Mangifera laurina'' (PROSEA)}}
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<big>''[[Mangifera laurina]]'' Blume</big>, <big>''[[Mangifera pentandra]]'' Hooker f.</big>
+
<big>''[[Mangifera laurina]]'' Blume</big>
−
 
+
 
__NOTOC__
 
__NOTOC__
−
 
+
:Protologue: Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1: 195 (1850).
−
:Protologue:
+
−
*''M. laurina'' : Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1: 195 (1850).
+
−
 
+
−
*''M. pentandra'' : Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 14 (1876).
+
  
 
:Family: Anacardiaceae
 
:Family: Anacardiaceae
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== Synonyms ==
 
== Synonyms ==
  
−
''M. laurina'' :
 
 
*''Mangifera longipes'' Griffith (1854),
 
*''Mangifera longipes'' Griffith (1854),
 
*''Mangifera sumatrana'' Miq. (1859),
 
*''Mangifera sumatrana'' Miq. (1859),
 
*''Mangifera parih'' Miq. (1859).
 
*''Mangifera parih'' Miq. (1859).
−
 
−
''M. pentandra'' :
 
−
*''Mangifera lanceolata'' Ridley (1911).
 
  
 
== Vernacular names ==
 
== Vernacular names ==
  
−
''M. laurina'' :
 
 
*Indonesia: mangga pari (Sundanese, West Java), pelem kecik (Javanese, East Java), empelem (Malay, Kalimantan, Sumatra)
 
*Indonesia: mangga pari (Sundanese, West Java), pelem kecik (Javanese, East Java), empelem (Malay, Kalimantan, Sumatra)
 
*Malaysia: mempelam, emplam (Malay, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), mangga ayer (Malay, Sabah)
 
*Malaysia: mempelam, emplam (Malay, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), mangga ayer (Malay, Sabah)
−
*Philippines: apali
+
*Philippines: apali (Tagbanua)
−
*Burma: thayet-thee-nee
+
*Burma: thayet-thee-nee, thayet-pya
 
*Thailand: mamuang kaleng, mamuang khee kwaang (peninsula)
 
*Thailand: mamuang kaleng, mamuang khee kwaang (peninsula)
 
*Vietnam: cây nui, xoái nui.
 
*Vietnam: cây nui, xoái nui.
−
 
−
''M. pentandra'' :
 
−
*no generally used vernacular names, often called "mangga" or "pauh" which refers also to ''M. indica''
 
−
*Malaysia: mangga bemban, pauh asal, pauh damar (Peninsular)
 
−
*Thailand: mamuang paa (central).
 
  
 
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
 
== Origin and geographic distribution ==
  
 
''M. laurina'' is undoubtedly wild throughout the Malesian region, from peninsular Thailand to New Guinea, in lowland tropical rain forest. It was probably brought into cultivation long before the introduction of ''Mangifera indica'' L. in the region. In most parts of Borneo it is still widely cultivated, but it is now losing ground in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java, since the fruit is inferior to that of ''M. indica'' cultivars.
 
''M. laurina'' is undoubtedly wild throughout the Malesian region, from peninsular Thailand to New Guinea, in lowland tropical rain forest. It was probably brought into cultivation long before the introduction of ''Mangifera indica'' L. in the region. In most parts of Borneo it is still widely cultivated, but it is now losing ground in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java, since the fruit is inferior to that of ''M. indica'' cultivars.
−
 
−
''M. pentandra'' is mainly known in cultivation in old orchards in peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and the Anambas Islands. Perhaps it occurs wild in northern Peninsular Malaysia.
 
  
 
== Uses ==
 
== Uses ==
  
−
The fruit of both species has only a little bit of flesh which liquidifies at maturity, so that it can be sucked out. More often the fruit is harvested immature, sliced and served in fruit salads with a spicy sauce ("rujak").
+
The fruit has only a little bit of flesh which liquidifies at maturity, so that it can be sucked out. More often the fruit is harvested immature, sliced and served in fruit salads with a spicy sauce ("rujak").
 +
 
 +
The wood is used as machang.
  
 
== Botany ==
 
== Botany ==
  
−
''M. laurina'' :
+
*A medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 36 m tall, with bole up to 100 cm diameter, occasionally with short thick buttresses, bark surface longitudinally cracked, peeling off in small, narrow strips, pinkish-brown to blackish.
−
*Tree, 20-30(-35) m tall, trunk 40-90(-150) cm in diameter, occasionally with short thick buttresses.
+
*Leaves oblong to lanceolate-oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, (6-)14-30 cm × (2-)3-7 cm, chartaceous, petiole slender, 2-5(-8) cm long.
−
*Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-24 cm × 2-6 cm, chartaceous, petiole slender, 2-5(-8) cm long.
+
*Inflorescence a pseudo-terminal, lax and widely pyramidal panicle, apically sparingly, minutely puberulous.
−
*Inflorescences panicles, subterminal, pyramidal, 10-40 cm long, open, laxly spreading, glabrous or sub-puberulous, loosely flowered.
+
*Flowers 5-merous, long-pedicelled, petals narrow, 3.5-5.5 mm long, whitish-green to pale yellowish, with 3-5 ridges on the inner surface, extending half-way along the petal and confluent at base, disk fleshy, 5-lobed, cup-shaped, one stamen fertile, free, staminodes minute.
−
*Flowers whitish-green to pale yellow, long-pedicelled, small, fragrant; calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, narrow; stamens 5, only 1 fertile.
+
*Fruit a drupe, usually obliquely subglobose to oblong-ovoid exactly like a small mango, up to 10 cm long, yellowish-green when ripe; flesh yellow, soft, fibrous, juicy.
−
*Fruit a drupe, exactly like a small mango, 6-10 cm × 4-5 cm, pale yellow at maturity; flesh yellow, soft, fibrous, juicy.
+
 
*Stone 4.5-5.5 cm × 2-3 cm × 1.3-1.6 cm; seed polyembryonic.
 
*Stone 4.5-5.5 cm × 2-3 cm × 1.3-1.6 cm; seed polyembryonic.
  
−
By some authors (e.g. in Flora Malesiana) ''M. laurina'' is merged into ''M. indica'' ; tree habit and leaves are very similar, so that ''M. laurina'' is often mistaken for ''M. indica'' . Its glabrous or sub-puberulous, laxly spreading, loosely flowered inflorescences are discriminative. Flowering can take place after any short dry spell. In South Kalimantan (Kandangan) a form with more elongated, narrower fruits is known as "asem buluh", meaning "bamboo mango". In East Kalimantan, ''M. laurina'' in village plantings in the lakes area sometimes crosses with the wild ''M. gedebe'' Miq. of which there are important populations. The fruit shows intermediate characters, having notably labyrinthine seed.
 
  
−
''M. pentandra'' :
+
The heartwood is reported to be greyish to pale red but also chocolate brown; the density of the wood is 690-790 kg/m<sup>3</sup> at 15% moisture content. See also the table on wood properties.
−
*Tree, up to 28 m tall, trunk 90 cm in diameter, occasionally with small buttresses.
+
−
*Leaves oblong to elliptic (11-)16-20(-25)cm × (3.5-)6-9(-15)cm, coriaceous, venation distinct on both surfaces, densely reticulate; leaves reddening when drying; petiole 1.5-3.5(-6)cm long.
+
−
*Inflorescences pyramidal panicles, 15-30 cm long, densely pubescent.
+
−
*Flowers yellowish to cream-white, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, stamens 5, 3-5 fertile.
+
−
*Fruit a drupe, like a small mango, 7-10 cm × 4-5 cm, yellowish-green; flesh orange, soft and watery, with few fibres, rather sweet.
+
−
*Stone 4-5 cm × 3-3.5 cm × 1.7-2 cm, with thick woody endocarp which is rather deeply grooved.
+
  
−
''M. pentandra'' much resembles ''M. indica'' . Its densely hairy panicles and its flowers with 3-5 fertile stamens are discriminative. The rate of fruit set is characteristically high.
+
By some authors (e.g. in Flora Malesiana) ''M. laurina'' is merged into ''M. indica'' ; tree habit and leaves are very similar, so that ''M. laurina'' is often mistaken for ''M. indica''. Its glabrous or sub-puberulous, laxly spreading, loosely flowered inflorescences are discriminative. Flowering can take place after any short dry spell. In South Kalimantan (Kandangan) a form with more elongated, narrower fruits is known as "asem buluh", meaning "bamboo mango". In East Kalimantan, ''M. laurina'' in village plantings in the lakes area sometimes crosses with the wild ''M. gedebe'' Miq. of which there are important populations. The fruit shows intermediate characters, having notably labyrinthine seed.
  
 
== Ecology ==
 
== Ecology ==
  
−
Both species are at home in fairly wet tropical lowlands, ''M. laurina'' also at elevations above 300 m.
+
The species is at home in fairly wet tropical lowlands, also at elevations above 300 m.
  
 
== Agronomy ==
 
== Agronomy ==
Line 81: Line 58:
 
== Genetic resources and breeding ==
 
== Genetic resources and breeding ==
  
−
Both species might contribute to the improvement of ''M. indica'' through breeding programmes. Crossing ''M. laurina'' 's resistance to anthracnose and the heavy fruit set of ''M. pentandra'' into ''M. indica'' would be a major breakthrough. Heavy fruit set may result from more intensive pollination in species with 3-5 fertile stamens instead of a single one. Five-stamen close relatives of ''M. indica'' include ''Mangifera caloneura'' Kurz and ''Mangifera cochinchinensis'' Engl., which occur in mainland South-East Asia.
+
The species might contribute to the improvement of ''M. indica'' through breeding programmes. Crossing ''M. laurina''’s resistance to anthracnose into ''M. indica'' would be a major breakthrough. Heavy fruit set may result from more intensive pollination in species with 3-5 fertile stamens instead of a single one. Five-stamen close relatives of ''M. indica'' include ''Mangifera caloneura'' Kurz and ''Mangifera cochinchinensis'' Engl., which occur in mainland South-East Asia.
  
 
== Prospects ==
 
== Prospects ==
  
−
It is to be expected that both species will continue to lose ground to the common mango. Their main role may lie in the hybridization of the mango.
+
It is to be expected that this species will continue to lose ground to the common mango. Its main role may lie in the hybridization of the mango.
  
 
== Literature ==
 
== Literature ==
Line 92: Line 69:
 
* Mukherjee, S.K., 1949. A monograph of the genus Mangifera L. Lloydia 12: 73-136.  
 
* Mukherjee, S.K., 1949. A monograph of the genus Mangifera L. Lloydia 12: 73-136.  
 
* Fairchild, D., 1948. The mango relatives of Cochinchina; those with five-stamen flowers. Florida State Horticultural Society 61: 250-255.
 
* Fairchild, D., 1948. The mango relatives of Cochinchina; those with five-stamen flowers. Florida State Horticultural Society 61: 250-255.
 +
 +
77, 162, 328, 388, 414, 474, 673. timbers
  
 
== Authors ==
 
== Authors ==
  
−
J.M. Bompard
+
*J.M. Bompard
  
  
 +
[[Category:Timbers (PROSEA)]]
 
[[Category:Fruits and nuts (PROSEA)]]
 
[[Category:Fruits and nuts (PROSEA)]]
 
[[Category:PROSEA]]
 
[[Category:PROSEA]]

Latest revision as of 17:08, 5 May 2016

Logo PROSEA.png
Plant Resources of South-East Asia
Introduction
List of species


Mangifera laurina Blume

Protologue: Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1: 195 (1850).
Family: Anacardiaceae
Chromosome number: 2n= 40

Synonyms

  • Mangifera longipes Griffith (1854),
  • Mangifera sumatrana Miq. (1859),
  • Mangifera parih Miq. (1859).

Vernacular names

  • Indonesia: mangga pari (Sundanese, West Java), pelem kecik (Javanese, East Java), empelem (Malay, Kalimantan, Sumatra)
  • Malaysia: mempelam, emplam (Malay, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), mangga ayer (Malay, Sabah)
  • Philippines: apali (Tagbanua)
  • Burma: thayet-thee-nee, thayet-pya
  • Thailand: mamuang kaleng, mamuang khee kwaang (peninsula)
  • Vietnam: cây nui, xoái nui.

Origin and geographic distribution

M. laurina is undoubtedly wild throughout the Malesian region, from peninsular Thailand to New Guinea, in lowland tropical rain forest. It was probably brought into cultivation long before the introduction of Mangifera indica L. in the region. In most parts of Borneo it is still widely cultivated, but it is now losing ground in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java, since the fruit is inferior to that of M. indica cultivars.

Uses

The fruit has only a little bit of flesh which liquidifies at maturity, so that it can be sucked out. More often the fruit is harvested immature, sliced and served in fruit salads with a spicy sauce ("rujak").

The wood is used as machang.

Botany

  • A medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 36 m tall, with bole up to 100 cm diameter, occasionally with short thick buttresses, bark surface longitudinally cracked, peeling off in small, narrow strips, pinkish-brown to blackish.
  • Leaves oblong to lanceolate-oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, (6-)14-30 cm × (2-)3-7 cm, chartaceous, petiole slender, 2-5(-8) cm long.
  • Inflorescence a pseudo-terminal, lax and widely pyramidal panicle, apically sparingly, minutely puberulous.
  • Flowers 5-merous, long-pedicelled, petals narrow, 3.5-5.5 mm long, whitish-green to pale yellowish, with 3-5 ridges on the inner surface, extending half-way along the petal and confluent at base, disk fleshy, 5-lobed, cup-shaped, one stamen fertile, free, staminodes minute.
  • Fruit a drupe, usually obliquely subglobose to oblong-ovoid exactly like a small mango, up to 10 cm long, yellowish-green when ripe; flesh yellow, soft, fibrous, juicy.
  • Stone 4.5-5.5 cm × 2-3 cm × 1.3-1.6 cm; seed polyembryonic.


The heartwood is reported to be greyish to pale red but also chocolate brown; the density of the wood is 690-790 kg/m3 at 15% moisture content. See also the table on wood properties.

By some authors (e.g. in Flora Malesiana) M. laurina is merged into M. indica ; tree habit and leaves are very similar, so that M. laurina is often mistaken for M. indica. Its glabrous or sub-puberulous, laxly spreading, loosely flowered inflorescences are discriminative. Flowering can take place after any short dry spell. In South Kalimantan (Kandangan) a form with more elongated, narrower fruits is known as "asem buluh", meaning "bamboo mango". In East Kalimantan, M. laurina in village plantings in the lakes area sometimes crosses with the wild M. gedebe Miq. of which there are important populations. The fruit shows intermediate characters, having notably labyrinthine seed.

Ecology

The species is at home in fairly wet tropical lowlands, also at elevations above 300 m.

Agronomy

M. laurina is a suitable rootstock for cultivars of M. indica grown on periodically inundated river banks in Kalimantan. The loose glabrous inflorescences show no sign of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), where those of the mango are severely damaged.

Genetic resources and breeding

The species might contribute to the improvement of M. indica through breeding programmes. Crossing M. laurina’s resistance to anthracnose into M. indica would be a major breakthrough. Heavy fruit set may result from more intensive pollination in species with 3-5 fertile stamens instead of a single one. Five-stamen close relatives of M. indica include Mangifera caloneura Kurz and Mangifera cochinchinensis Engl., which occur in mainland South-East Asia.

Prospects

It is to be expected that this species will continue to lose ground to the common mango. Its main role may lie in the hybridization of the mango.

Literature

  • Ding Hou, 1978. Anacardiaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (Editor): Flora Malesiana. Series 1. Vol. 8. pp. 426-428.
  • Mukherjee, S.K., 1949. A monograph of the genus Mangifera L. Lloydia 12: 73-136.
  • Fairchild, D., 1948. The mango relatives of Cochinchina; those with five-stamen flowers. Florida State Horticultural Society 61: 250-255.

77, 162, 328, 388, 414, 474, 673. timbers

Authors

  • J.M. Bompard
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