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| | |prelude = This page was created by UsesBot on Monday 04 of July 2011 | | |prelude = This page was created by UsesBot on Monday 04 of July 2011 |
| | Please complete it with your datas. | | Please complete it with your datas. |
| − | | + | |Popular_names = |
| − | The informations supplied by the bot are from mansfeld website
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| − | |Popular_names = E.dessert pears<br />E.pear<br />E.pears for cooking<br />E.Perry pears<br />E.soft pear<br />Fr.poirier<br />G.Birne<br />G.Mostbirnen<br />It.pero<br />Russ.&#1075;&#1088;&#1091;&#1096;&#1072; [gru&#353;a]<br />Sp.peral<br /> | + | |
| | |biology = | | |biology = |
| | |varieties = | | |varieties = |
| − | |classification = Family : Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. 334., nom. cons.<br /><br />Synonyms :<br/>Sorbus Pyrus Crantz , Stirp. Austr. fasc. vol. 2, 56. 1763.<br />Pirus communis subsp. sativa Asch. & Graebn. , Syn. mitteleur. Fl. vol. 6, 2, 63. 1906.<br />Pirus communis &#946; hortensis Beck , Fl. Nieder.-&#214;sterr., 709. 1892.<br />Pyrus domestica Med. , Gesch. Bot., 87. 1793.<br />Pyrus sylvestris Moench , Meth. Pl., 679. 1794.<br />Pyrus sativa DC. ex Lam. & DC. , Fl. Fr. vol. 4, 430. 1805., , p.p.<br /> | + | |classification = |
| − | |references = Browicz, K. (1993) - Conspect and chorology of the genus Pyrus L. - Arbor. K&#243;rnickie 38: 17-33.<br />Hegi, G. - Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa., Ed. 2 IV (2B) 1995.<br />Hepperle, T. - Der Mostbirnensortengarten "Unterer Frickhof" Owingen-Billafingen. Staatl. Liegenschaftsamt Ravensburg 1994: 114 pp.<br />Lucke, R., R. Silbereisen & E. Herzberger - Obstb&#228;ume in der Landschaft. Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1992: 300 pp.<br />Mi, W. G. & T. Sanada (1990) - The genetic resources of pears in China - the present situation in research and industry. - Agric. & Hort. 65: 1341-1346.<br />Moore, J. N. & J. R. Ballington jr. (eds.) (1990) - Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops I & II. - Acta Hort. 290 Int. Soc. Hort. Sci. Wageningen: 980 pp.<br />Petzold, H. - Birnensorten., Ed. 3 Neumann Leipzig & Neudamm 1989: 256 pp.<br />Rubcov, G. A. (1940) - Origin and evolution of the cultivated pear. - Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 28: 350-353.<br />Rubcov, G. A. (1944) - Geographical distribution of the genus Pyrus and trends of factors in its evolution. - Amer. Naturalist 78 (777): 358-366.<br />Tuz, A. S. (1981) - Ischodnyj material dlja selekcii gru&#353;i (Pyrus communis L.) v ju&#382;noj zone SSSR. - Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Inst. Rasteniev. 111: 49-54.<br />Tuz, A. S. (1983): Pyrus L. - Gru&#353;a (pp 126-234) - In: F. D. Lichonos, A. S. Tuz & A. Ja. Loba&#269;ev (eds.) - Seme&#269;kovye (jablonja, gru&#353;a, ajva) - Kul'turnaja flora SSSR 14 Kolos Moskva: 319 pp.<br />Werneck, H. L. (1962) - Die Stammformen der bodenst&#228;ndigen Mostbirnen in Ober&#246;sterreich, Nieder&#246;sterreich und in der Steiermark. - Naturk. Jahrb. Stadt Linz 1962: 85-238.<br />Zohary, D. (1997) - Wild apples and wild pears. - Bocconea 7: 409-416.<br />Zwet, T. van der & N. F. Childers (eds.) - The pear. Hort. Publ. Gainesville, Florida 1982: 502 pp.<br />&#381;ukovskij, P. M. (1965) - Main gene centres of cultivated plants and their wild relatives within the territory of the USSR. - Euphytica 14: 177-188.<br /> | + | |references = |
| − | |other = Only cultivated: in warmer sites of the temperate zones, mainly in Europe and USA; further on in Turkey, South Africa, Argentina and Australia considerable production.Among the numerous pear cultivars (about 6.000) there is a great variability of size, shape, colour, flavour and ripening time. Different uses of fruits depend on their quality and consistence.Juicy "dessert pears" used for fresh consumption; before maturity fruits can be canned or used for pastries; fruits of minor quality processed to juice, aromatic and sweet fruits to brandy with maintenance of the typical pear-flavour. "Pears for cooking" (firm flesh and less flavoured) are stewed. "Pears for drying" after peeling are suitable for drying."Perry pears" (G. Mostbirnen), cultivated in Europe, especially in Austria, S Germany, France and Great Britain, may have been introgressed locally by P. pyraster and P. nivalis Jacq. The little, juicy and sweet fruits after pressing and fermentation yield perry (G. Birnenmost). The first report about this practice was given from Columella (100 AD). Since the Middle Ages perry in the mentioned countries was a traditional cheap beverage.As rootstocks from P. communis are used seedlings of cultivars and cloned special hybrids. Rootstocks for P. communis are the above mentioned and - for reduced growth - special clones of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.). Some other wild species of Pyrus are being tested. Outside of Central Europe the native wild species are often used.For the domestication of pear the regions between Caucasus, Asia Minor and the western coast of the Black Sea must be taken into consideration (about 1000 BC). Reports about cultivated pears are known from Greece (9th cent. BC). Later on the cultivation reached other parts of the Mediterranean region. The Romans brought the pears to Central Europe. Possibly additional introduction directly from SE Europe took place. Since the 18th and 19th cent. in Belgium and France great activities for breeding high quality pears developed, many of these old cultivars play an important role until now.According to the supposed geographic origin some wild species could be taken into consideration as ancestors of cultivated pear: P. pyraster (L.) Burgsd., P. elaeagrifolia Pall., P. spinosa Forssk., P. syriaca Bois. The first one is doubtless the base of Central European cultivars, but because of the lack of prehistoric material participation of other species cannot be demonstrated exactly. Only the introgression of P. elaeagrifolia especially into perry pears seems to be proved.Cultivated hybrids under participation of P. communis are: P. &#215; sinkiangensis Y&#252; in Act. phytotax. Sin. 8 (1959) 233. ( P. communis L. &#215; P. bretschneideri Rehder), cultivated in the provinces Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai of China.P. &#215; lecontei Rehder in J. Arn. Arb. 7 (1926) 28. ( P. communis L. &#215; P. pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai), occasionally cultivated among other pears, mainly in USA for processing.<br /><br /><br />Known Subtaxa : <br /><br /> | + | |other = |
| | |image = Image_needed_LHB.png | | |image = Image_needed_LHB.png |
| − | |uses = alcohol<br />breeding<br />drinks<br />eating<br />food<br />rootstock<br /> | + | |uses = |
| | |history = | | |history = |
| | |Prota = oui | | |Prota = oui |
